(42355) Typhon-Echidna: Scheduling observations for binary orbit determination

We describe a strategy for scheduling astrometric observations to minimize the number required to determine the mutual orbits of binary transneptunian systems. The method is illustrated by application to Hubble Space Telescope observations of (42355) Typhon-Echidna, revealing that Typhon and Echidna orbit one another with a period of 18.971±0.006 days and a semimajor axis of 1628±29 km, implying a system mass of (9.49±0.52)×¹⁰¹⁷ kg. The eccentricity of the orbit is 0.526±0.015. Combined with a radiometric size determined from Spitzer Space Telescope data and the assumption that Typhon and Echidna both have the same albedo, we estimate that their radii are and , respectively. These numbers give an average bulk density of only , consistent with very low bulk densities recently reported for two other small transneptunian binaries.     

Light scattering by Gaussian random particles

We introduce multivariate lognormal statistics to describe the shapes of small particles, and compute scattering phase matrices in the ray optics approximation. The results help us understand light scattering by solar system dust particles, and thereby constrain the physical properties of, for example, asteroid regoliths and cometary comae. The present stochastic geometry could turn useful in modeling the shapes of asteroids.     

Polarimetry in Planetary Science—A Step Forward with the VLT and a Need for the ELTs

We present a brief review of polarimetric measurements of solar system objects, both linear and circular, obtained with the FORS1 instrument at the Very Large Telescope VLT over the past years. A number of first and new results have been obtained by using this unique observing mode at an 8 m class telescope, among them polarimetry of faint planetary bodies like near-Earth asteroids, Kuiper Belt objects and cometary nuclei, spectropolarimetry of cometary coma material and of the Earthshine of the Moon (in order to verify that life exists on Earth!). We outline the science cases for planetary polarimetry at a future Extremely Large Telescope ELT and provide high level requirements for polarimetric equipment to be used at the ELTs for the study of the science cases described.