双站摄像资料重建闪电三维通道的方法

为了满足准确分析闪电通道三维发展特征和闪电先导相互作用的需求,建立了一种利用双站摄像资料重建闪电三维通道的方法,从两幅在不同位置拍摄到的闪电二维图像上分别获取通道的坐标序列,利用空间立体几何原理,寻找两组序列中互相匹配的坐标,再由匹配的坐标序列重建出最终的闪电三维通道。通过对一次实际观测个例的重建与分析,验证了重建算法在实际观测中的可靠性,并对闪电通道的三维长度和二维长度进行了对比,发现两者差异可达2倍以上,充分说明了闪电三维特征分析的重要性。     

HYSPLIT模式轨迹计算误差分析

基于NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料GDAS和NCEP2.5°×2.5°再分析资料GBL,利用美国NOAA 空气资源实验室ARL研发的一种用于计算和分析大气污染物输送、扩散轨迹的混合单粒子拉格朗日综合轨迹模式HYSPLIT,对2010年3月12日12时和田站距地100 m高度空气质点的3 d前向轨迹进行了模拟,分析了轨迹计算中的积分误差和分辨率误差.此次轨迹模拟试验中,积分误差对轨迹计算误差的贡献很小.随着积分时间的延长,积分误差略有增大.积分误差并未随着驱动数据分辨率的提高而减小.分辨率误差在积分的各个时刻并不相同,它与地形高度与天气系统有关.在轨迹模式中,轨迹计算基于风速在时间和空间上的线性插值,轨迹模拟的不确定性也与插值有关.使用不同分辨率的驱动数据对轨迹计算结果影响显著,分辨率误差对轨迹计算误差的贡献远大于积分过程中截断近似等带来的积分误差.     

2011年盛夏石家庄一次短时暴雨分析

2011年7月26日石家庄市出现一次暴雨冰雹天气,其特点是500 h Pa及以上高空强冷空气导致高空形势在12 h内发生剧变,短波槽快速南下,致使探空观测和数值预报失灵。本文对其他监测资料进行分析,发现这种剧烈变化的天气有明显特征:卫星云图上河套北部逗点云系尾长而粗壮,有向南发展趋势,云系后部的暗区表明干冷空气侵入,与低层暖湿空气形成对流云,尾部断裂表明冷空气加速南下。单站要素变化显示,石家庄地面假相当位温比正常值高了8℃,出现异常不稳定能量。强对流天气发生在假相当位温密集带内,能量中心假相当位温最高达到90℃以上,100 km内假相当位温温差超过25℃,最大降雨出现在假相当位温密集带内。雷达回波呈西南—东北带状排列,前部最大强度为65 d BZ,强回波前形成阵风锋,正负最大速度均超过20 m/s,飑线自西向东移动,它的移向和发展程度决定降雨和冰雹的路径和强度。石家庄市区风向转变和形成地面辐合线分别较降水起始时间提前21 min和30 min。     

大气中痕量有机胺测量方法的研究进展

作为大气中最重要的含氮有机化合物,有机胺易与硫酸、硝酸气体生成胺盐,促进新颗粒的形成,同时也可与臭氧、OH自由基、NO₃自由基发生氧化反应,是二次气溶胶的前体物.综述了国内外关于大气有机胺检测技术的研究进展,对常规的离线检测技术和在线质谱技术进行了介绍和对比,重点介绍了质谱法工作原理以及测定大气有机胺的优越性,并对其未来发展进行了展望.     

Associations of decimetric type Ⅲ bursts with coronal mass ejections and Hα flares

We present a statistical study of decimetric type Ⅲ radio bursts,coronal mass ejections(CMEs),and Hα flares observed in the period from July 2000 to March2005.In total,we investigated 395 decimetric type Ⅲ radio burst events,21% of which showed apparent correlation to CMEs that were associated with Hα flares.We noticed that the Hα flares which were strongly associated with CMEs were gradual events,and82% of them took place before CMEs appeared in the field of view of LASCO C2;that most of the CME-associated radio bursts started in the frequency range around750 MHz with a frequency drifting rate of several hundred MHz s-1,of which both positive and negative ones were recognized; and that the correlation of type Ⅲ radio bursts to CMEs without associated flares is fairly vague,less than 9%.     

海水鱼类寄生虫刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)趋化性研究

应用本实验室建立的趋化模型对海水鱼类寄生虫刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)的趋化特性进行研究。结果显示, 刺激隐核虫幼虫在30min时趋化达到饱和, 在温度28℃时趋化率达到最高; 多种硬骨鱼的血清与粘液对刺激隐核虫的幼虫都有着强烈的吸引作用, 刺激隐核虫幼虫对碳水化合物、氨基酸等小分子物质没有趋化作用; 在组织匀浆液中, 刺激隐核虫幼虫对肌肉匀浆液有一定的趋化作用, 对肝、肠、胃的匀浆液都没有趋化作用; 感染后鱼类血清对刺激隐核虫的幼虫有着更加强烈的吸引作用(P<0.01); 18种中草药中的五倍子、大黄、槟榔、苦楝、虎杖、贯众等6种中药草对刺激隐核虫的幼虫有一定的驱虫作用。本文的研究结果有助于深化对刺激隐核虫致病性的认识并对“白点病”的防治有一定的参考价值。     

The improvement of the one-dimensional Mellor-Yamada and K-profile parameterization turbulence schemes with the non-breaking surface wave-induced verticalmixing

Both the level 2.5 Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure scheme(MY) and K-profile parameterization(KPP) are popularly used by the ocean modeling community.The MY and the KPP are improved through including the non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing(Bv),and the improved schemes were tested by using continuous data at the Papa ocean weather station(OWS) during 1961–1965.The numerical results showed that the Bv can make the temperature simulations fit much better with the continuous data from Papa Station.The two improved schemes overcame the shortcomings of predicting too shallow upper mixed layer depth and consequently overheated sea surface temperature during summertime,which are in fact common problems for all turbulence closure models.Statistical analysis showed that the Bv effectively reduced the mean absolute error and root mean square error of the upper layer temperature and increased the correlation coefficient between simulation and the observation.Furthermore,the performance of vertical mixing induced by shear instability and the Bv is also compared.Both the temperature structure and its seasonal cycle significantly improved by including the Bv,regardless of whether shear instability was included or not,especially for the KPP mixing scheme,which suggested that Bv played a dominant role in the upper ocean where the mean current was relatively weak,such as at Papa Station.These results may provide a clue to improve ocean circulation models.     

Rainfall effect on wind waves and the turbulence beneath air-sea interface

Rainfall effects on wind waves and turbulence are investigated through the laboratory experiments in a large wind-wave tank. It is found that the wind waves are damped as a whole at low wind speeds, but are enhanced at high wind speeds. This dual effect of rain on the wind waves increases with the increase of rain rate, while the influence of rainfall-area length is not observable. At the low wind speed, the corresponding turbulence in terms of the turbulent kinetic energy （TKE） dissipation rate is significantly enhanced by rain- fall as the waves are damped severely. At the high wind speed, the augment of the TKE dissipation rate is suppressed while the wind waves are enhanced simultaneously. In the field, however, rainfall usually hin- ders the development of waves. In order to explain this contradiction of rainfall effect on waves, a possibility about energy transfer from turbulence to waves in case of the spectral peak of waves overlapping the inertial subrange of turbulence is assumed. It can be applied to interpret the damping phenomenon of gas trans- fer velocity in the laboratory experiments, and the variation of the TKE dissipation rates near sea surface compared with the law of wall.     

The vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over the central Arctic Ocean

The tropopause height and the atmospheric boundarylayer （PBL） height as well as the variation of inversion layer above the floating ice surface are presented using GPS （global position system ） radiosonde sounding data and relevant data obtained by Chinas fourth arctic scientific expedition team over the central Arctic Ocean （86°-88°N, 144°-170°W） during the summer of 2010. The tropopause height is from 9.8 to 10.5 km, with a temperature range between -52.2 and -54.10C in the central Arctic Ocean. Two zones of maximum wind （over 12 m/s） are found in the wind profile, namely, low- and upper-level jets, located in the middle troposphere and the tropopause, respectively. The wind direction has a marked variation point in the two jets from the southeast to the southwest. The average PBL height determined by two methods is 341 and 453 m respectively. These two methods can both be used when the inversion layer is very low, but the results vary significantly when the inversion layer is very high. A significant logarithmic relationship exists between the PBL height and the inversion intensity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.66, indicating that the more intense the temperature inversion is, the lower the boundary layer will be. The observation results obviously differ from those of the third arctic expedition zone （800-85° N）. The PBL height and the inversion layer thickness are much lower than those at 870-88° N, but the inversion temperature is more intense, meaning a strong ice- atmosphere interaction in the sea near the North Pole. The PBL structure is related to the weather system and the sea ice concentration, which affects the observation station.     

Sedimentary Environments of Cambrian–Ordovician Source Rocks and Ultra-deep Petroleum Accumulation in the Tarim Basin

The Tarim Basin is the only petroliferous basin enriched with marine oil and gas in China. It is presently also the deepest basin for petroleum exploration and development in the world. There are two main sets of marine Source Rocks (SRs) in the Tarim Basin, namely the high over-mature Cambrian–Lower Ordovician (∈–O1) and the moderately mature Middle–Upper Ordovician (O2–3). The characteristic biomarkers of SRs and oils indicate that the main origin of the marine petroleum is a mixed source of ∈–O1 and O2–3 SRs. With increasing burial, the hydrocarbon contribution of the ∈–O1 SRs gradually increases. Accompanied by the superposition of multi-stage hydrocarbon-generation of the SRs and various secondary alteration processes, the emergence and abnormal enrichment of terpenoids, thiophene and trimethylaryl isoprenoid in deep reservoirs indicate a complex genesis of various deep oils and gases. Through the analysis of the biofacies and sedimentary environments of the ∈–O1 and O2–3 SRs, it is shown that the lower Paleozoic high-quality SRs in the Tarim Basin were mainly deposited in a passive continental margin and the gentle slope of the platform, deep-water shelf and slope facies, which has exhibited a good response to the local tectonic-sedimentary environment. The slope of the paleo-uplift is the mutual area for the development of carbonate reservoirs and the deposition of marine SRs, which would be favorable for the accumulation of petroleum. Due to the characteristics of low ground temperature, the latest rapid and deep burial does not cause massive oil-cracking in the paleo-uplift and slope area. Therefore, it is speculated that the marine reservoirs in the slope of the Tabei Uplift are likely to be a favorable area for deep petroleum exploration, while the oil-cracking gas would be a potential reserve around the west margin of the Manjiaer Depression. Hydrocarbons were generated from various unit SRs, mainly migrating along the lateral unconformities or reservoirs and the vertical faults. They eventually brought up three major types of exploration fields: middle and lower Cambrian salt-related assemblages, dolomite inner reservoirs and Middle and Lower Ordovician oil-bearing karst, which would become the most favorable target of marine ultra-deep exploration in the Tarim Basin.