Studies of Mars and Its Satellites by Advanced Interplanetary Stations Designed by the Lavochkin Association (On the Thirtieth Anniversary of the Launch of the Phobos-2 Spacecraft)

Solar System Research - This article describes the results of the Phobos 2 interplanetary mission, launched in 1988, and presents some prospective scenarios for studying near-Mars space, including...     

Upgrading of Oil Shale by Flotation Without Collector

Natural Resources Research - Oil shale impurities prevent its direct usage as a source of energy. Removing or reducing of these impurities before retorting can reduce the cost of oil shale...     

Main Stages of Evolution of Pacific Ferromanganese Stromatolites and Oncolites

As exemplified by cobalt–bearing Fe–Mn crusts (ferromanganese stromatolite) of the Magellan Seamounts (Clarion–Clipperton Province), the main stages of the structural evolution of bacterial communities have been recognized. It has been demonstrated that the change of the stages is caused by the effect of major tectonic, volcanic, and other geological events.     

COMPUTER MODELING OF VERTICAL SEISMIC PROFILING*

There are numerous modeling techniques commonly employed for the computer simulation of seismic wave propagation. The capabilities of these techniques vary according to the theoretical foundations and subsequent approximations upon which the algorithms are based. This paper constitutes a comparative review of seven modeling methods: geometric ray theory, asymptotic ray theory, generalized ray theory, Kirchhoff wave theory, Fourier synthesis, finite differences, and finite elements. These methods can be categorized as ray or wave, acoustic or elastic, and can be contrasted according to their relative abilities to simulate such behavior as wave interference effects, diffractions, and mode conversions. As is implied by their names, geometric ray theory and asymptotic ray theory are both ray methods. The other five methods provide wave theory simulations. Geometric ray theory and Kirchhoff wave theory are normally implemented in acoustic form, while the other methods are readily adapted for computing elastic theory solutions. Generalized ray theory and Fourier synthesis are more limited in the complexity of geological model they can accommodate than are the other techniques. The methods which typically demand the greatest computer resources are the finite-difference and the finite-element techniques. All methods can incorporate at least some multiple events. Diffractions, however, are only inherent in the solutions computed by Kirchhoff wave theory, finite differences and finite elements. Attenuation is readily incorporated in both the Fourier synthesis and the finite-element methods. As an example of the application of seismic modeling, a geological model representative of a typical petroleum exploration target is used to compare vertical seismic profiles calculated by different modeling methods.     

Reply to comments by K.A. Goettel and J.S. Lewis

Uranium has been measured by homogenized fission track analysis in 34 samples of 22 achondrites. Potassium has been determined in aliquots of eleven of these. The results, combined with previous Al data, are not compatible with achondrite formation from chondritic material by previously suggested fractional melting or metal-sulfide segregation processes.