孔内安置导向器的计算

根据钻孔的倾角(直孔或斜孔)和导向器在钻孔中的位置,在定向钻进过程中可能有以下三种人工弯曲情况:1．向垂直钻孔中下放导向器时,通常是向安置导向器的方向偏斜。     

金刚石钻进是提高钻探工作效率的最重要途径

苏联国家地质委员会各机关的勘探和普查固体矿产时,钻探费用约占地质勘探总投资的20%。     

Large-Scale Mapping Observations of the C i (3P1-3P0) and CO (J = 3-2) Lines toward the Orion A Molecular Cloud

Large-scale mapping observations of the 3P1-3P0 fine-structure transition of atomic carbon (C i, 492 GHz) and the J=3-2 transition of CO (346 GHz) toward the Orion A molecular cloud have been carried out with the Mount Fuji submillimeter-wave telescope. The observations cover 9 deg2 and include the Orion Nebula M42 and the L1641 dark cloud complex. The C i emission extends over almost the entire region of the Orion A cloud and is surprisingly similar to that of 13CO (J=1-0). The CO (J=3-2) emission shows a more featureless and extended distribution than C i. The C i/CO (J=3-2) integrated intensity ratio shows a spatial gradient running from the north (0.10) to the south (1.2) of the Orion A cloud, which we interpret as a consequence of the temperature gradient. On the other hand, the C i/13CO (J=1-0) intensity ratio shows no systematic gradient. We have found a good correlation between the C i and 13CO (J=1-0) intensities over the Orion A cloud. This result is discussed on the basis of photodissociation region models.     

Reobserving the Extreme-Ultraviolet Emission from Abell 2199: In Situ Measurement of Background Distribution by Offset Pointing

The EUV excess emission from the clusters A2199 and A1795 remains an unexplained astrophysical phenomenon. There has been many unsuccessful attempts to "trivialize" the findings. In this Letter, we present direct evidence proving that the most recent of such attempts, which attributes the detected signals to a background nonuniformity effect, is likewise excluded. We address the issue by a reobservation of A2199 that features a new filter orientation, usage of a more sensitive part of the detector, and, most crucially, the inclusion of a background pointing at approximately 2 degrees offset-the first in situ measurement of its kind. We first demonstrate quantitatively two facts: (1) the offset pointing provides an accurate background template for the cluster observation, while (2) data from other blank fields do not. We then performed a point-to-point subtraction of the in situ background from the cluster field, with an appropriate propagation of errors. The resulting cluster radial profile is consistent with that obtained by our original method of subtracting a flat asymptotic background. The emission now extends to a radius of 20&arcmin;; it confirms the rising prominence of EUV excess beyond approximately 5&arcmin; as previously reported.     

Thermal Stability of Cold Clouds in Galaxy Halos

We consider the thermal properties of cold, dense clouds of molecular hydrogen and atomic helium. For cloud masses below 10-1.7 M middle dot in circle, the internal pressure is sufficient to permit the existence of particles of solid or liquid hydrogen at temperatures above the cosmic microwave background temperature. Optically thin thermal continuum emission by these particles can balance cosmic-ray heating of the cloud, leading to equilibria that are thermally stable even though the heating rate is independent of cloud temperature. For the Galaxy, the known heating rate in the disk sets a minimum mass of order 10-6 M middle dot in circle necessary for survival. Clouds of this type may in principle comprise most of the dark matter in the Galactic halo. However, we caution that the equilibria do not exist at redshifts z greater, similar1 when the temperature of the microwave background was substantially larger than its current value; therefore, the formation and the survival of such clouds to the present epoch remain open questions.     

世界气象组织的未来

值此国际气象组织——世界气象组织成立100周年之际,自然会引起我们回顾以往100年间所经历的事件。对此,我们怀着满意的心情来回顾这一时期整个国际气象学界所取得的显著进步。庆祝世界气象组织成立100周年,同时也是展望未来的一个极好机会。因此,本文打算就世界气象组织的未来,扼要地提出一些看法。     

矿床的工业类型

地质普查工作对世界各种矿产的储备每年都有增补。如今各种矿产和各种成因类型的矿床,其数目很可能已经有成千上万了(尚未就文献加以统计)。同时大家也都很清楚,在世界经济中起主要作用的只是某几种类型的矿床,另外还有几种类型起着辅助作用,至     

冲击回转钻探用БУК-75型新式钻机

目前在不稳固的松散岩层中打浅钻孔（50—80公尺）多半利用手动钻探设备。这首先说明还没有适宜的钻机来代替繁重的和高价的手动钻探。在1955年水利工程设计院（作者И.А.特鲁索夫和А.М.科帕契夫）曾设计了БУК-75型钻机,而后又小批地制造了,它的技术规格如下。     

勘探坑道掘进凿岩的机械化

人力劳动在地质勘探及工程地质工作中仍占有相当的地位,其中勘探坑道掘进用人力打眼的工作是繁重的。例如,在中硬岩石中钻进深1．5公尺及直径35公厘的一个孔,就需要3．14工时。掘进勘探坑道时由于缺乏动力来源,采用现有凿岩机械在一些情况下又不可能,所以工作量很大的繁重而成本高的人力凿岩工作急切需要使之机械化。