Late Quaternary vegetation and climate dynamics in central-eastern Brazil: insights from a ~35k cal a bp peat record in the Cerrado biome

The late Quaternary evolution of central-eastern Brazil has been under-researched. Questions remain as to the origin of the Cerrado, a highly endangered biome, and other types of vegetation, such as the Capões – small vegetation islands of semi-deciduous and mountain forests. We investigated the factors that influenced the expansion and contraction of the Cerrado and Capões during the late Quaternary (last ~35 ka), using a multi-proxy approach: stable isotopes (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N), geochemistry, pollen and multivariate statistics derived from a peat core (Pinheiro mire, Serra do Espinhaço Meridional). Five major shifts in precipitation, temperature, vegetation and landscape stability occurred at different timescales. Our study revealed that changes in the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) seem to have been coeval with these shifts: from the Late Glacial Maximum to mid-Holocene the SACZ remained near (~29.6 to ~16.5k cal a bp ) and over (~16.5 to ~6.1 k cal a bp ) the study area, providing humidity to the region. This challenges previous research which suggested that climate was drier for this time period. At present, the Capões are likely to be a remnant of a more humid climate; meanwhile, the Cerrado biome seems to have stablished in the late Holocene, after ~3.1 k cal a bp .     

退火对B掺杂纳米金刚石薄膜微结构和电化学性能的影响

采用热丝化学气相沉积法制备B掺杂纳米金刚石薄膜,并对薄膜进行真空退火处理,系统研究了不同退火温度对B掺杂纳米金刚石薄膜的微结构和电化学性能的影响.结果表明,当退火温度升高到800 ℃后,薄膜的Raman谱图中由未退火时在1157,1346,1470,1555 cm^-1处的4个峰转变为只有D峰和G峰,说明晶界上的氢大量解吸附量减少;并且D峰和G峰的积分强度比I_D/I_G值变为最小,即sp²相团簇     

Calculation and analysis of negative skin of monopile applied for offshore wind turbine

Monopiles are considered to be as a kind of viable foundation types for offshore wind turbines. The effect of negative skin friction on pile foundation is always an important problem. There are very important theoretical and practical significance to study the distribution law of negative skin friction and the calculation method. Based on the special stratum, the stress and strain of the monopile and soil are simplified, and the improved Kezdi’s double-broken-line model is adopted. The analytical solution of negative skin friction of monopile is deduced according to the degree of skin friction. An engineering case was analyzed by the method, and the calculated results agree well with the measured data. The calculation method proposed can accurately describe the range of the monopile skin frictional distribution and the position of the neutral point, and it is simple and convenient to calculate, that is also a feasible method for calculating the negative skin friction of monopile of offshore wind turbines in practical engineering.     

轴压作用下双金属复合管组合作用与承载力分析

为探究轴压作用下双金属复合海底管道的组合作用与承载性能,对双金属复合海底管道进行了试验研究和理论分析。开展了不锈钢衬管材料性能试验,对比了国际主流不锈钢本构关系模型和试验结果。利用ABAQUS建立了精细化的双金属复合管道轴压试验有限元模型,系统研究了关键参数如复合工艺产生的环向复合应力、钢管初始缺陷幅值等对双金属复合管在轴压作用下力学性能的影响规律。通过对比已有轴压双金属复合管道试验结果,验证有限元模型。基于验证的有限元模型,对轴压作用下双金属复合管道的组合作用以及径厚比和材料强度对承载力的影响进行了分析。结果表明双金属复合管道的轴压极限承载力主要取决于基管的截面屈服荷载,并随着管径和材料强度的提高而增大。并依据分析结果对双金属复合海底管道的设计提出建议。     

Effect of rain enrichment on soil respiration of Nitraria sphaerocarpa community in a hyperarid area

In order to analyze the effect of rain enrichment on soil respiration rate of a Nitraria sphaerocarpa community, we measured soil respiration rate in bare and vegetated areas in a hyperarid area （Dunhuang） during the growing season. Results show that rain enrichment can increase bare and vegetated soil respiration rates. The more rainfall enrichment, the greater the increment and the longer duration time effect for soil respiration rate. 200% （16 mm） and 300% （24 mm） of rain enrichment can significantly increase bare soil respiration rates by 90% and 106% （P〈0.01）, respectively. By contrast, areas with 100% （8 mm）, 200% （16 mm） and 300% （24 mm） of rain enrichment can significantly increase shrub area respiration rates by 68%, 157% and 205% （P〈0.01）, respectively. The response time of bare and vegetated soil respiration to rainfall enrichment is asynchronous. Response variable of soil respiration in vegetated soil is higher （118%） than in bare soil. There was significant positive correlation between soil respiration rate and soil water content during the growing season （P〈0.01）. For every 1 mm increment of precipitation, soil respiration rate increased by 0.01 and 0.04 pmol/（m2.s）, respectively in vegetated and bare soils.     

玉田东吉庄饮用天然矿泉水成因分析及水质评价

东吉庄矿泉水是１９８９年由地质矿产部环境管理司会同卫生部、轻工业部等有关单位的国家饮用天然矿泉水技术评审组鉴定通过，符合ＧＢ８５３７－８７的国家标准要求，属含锶重碳酸镁·钙·钠型低矿化度中性饮用天然矿泉水，已于同年建立了奥玉饮料厂，生产瓶装矿泉水及奥玉饮料。为了保护矿泉水资源免遭环境污染，对该矿泉水水源地进行了水源地保护规划。     

Implications of chloride-enhanced cadmium uptake in saline agriculture: modeling cadmium uptake by maize and tobacco

Chloride salinity has been strongly related to enhanced cadmium (Cd) uptake by plants due to increased solubility in the soil solution, even in agricultural soil with very low levels of cadmium. This finding is relevant because the cadmium content of food crops is an important concern for human health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to predict and discuss the chlorine-enhanced uptake of cadmium by two common crops: maize and tobacco under ??non-saline?? (1?mM) and ??very strongly saline?? (200?mM) scenarios using a modified ??biotic ligand model?? and datasets from a set of soil and hydroponic experiments. Results indicated that predicted cadmium uptake rates (expressed as cadmium in plant ??mol?m^?2 root) by maize and tobacco plants were consistently higher (54 and 15%, respectively) assuming conditions of ??very strong salinity?? soil compared to the simulated ??non-saline?? soil. In the light of the results of the present research, valuable information is given on modeled cadmium phytoavailability as an indication of the potential risk due to increased cadmium uptake by crops under saline conditions, especially as the enhancement of cadmium uptake in the presence of Cl^? salinity may be a general trend that occurs in many edible crops. The biotic ligand model parameterization applied in the present study attempted to simulate conditions commonly found in natural cadmium and salt-affected soils. However, caution is needed to extrapolate results obtained from these models to real soil conditions.     

Robotic telescopes for high energy astrophysics in Ondřejov

We report on two small aperture robotic telescopes called BART and D50 operated in Ondřejov. Both telescopes are capable of automatic observation of gamma ray burst (GRB) optical afterglows. Coordinates of GRBs are taken from alerts distributed via Internet. Telescopes observe other interesting high energy sources when there is not any alert. The smaller telescope BART has aperture D = 254 mm. The bigger telescope D50 has a primary mirror of diameter D = 500 mm. Both telescopes are controlled by free software package RTS2 and are accessible through Internet. We describe the two telescopes and related software and show some results such as our first observed optical counterpart of GRB.     

泥石流流域岩性的坚固系数与暴发频率的关系

坚硬岩性地区的泥石流暴发频率较低在定性上基本可以概括岩性与泥石流暴发频率的关系,但目前还没有定量地描述岩性与泥石流暴发频率的关系。以四川省17个泥石流流域作为研究对象,通过现场调查研究泥石流形成区和堆积区粗化层颗粒的岩性、硬度以及泥石流的暴发频率,得出：①泥石流堆积区岩性组成特征基本可以代表形成区的岩性组成特征;②用地...     

神农架大九湖15.753kaB.P.以来的孢粉记录和环境演变*

根据对大九湖297cm厚的泥炭地层10个AMS ¹⁴ C年龄的测定以及148块孢粉样品的分析,发现每块样品的孢粉(浓度)含量都很高,植物种类繁多,分属于137(科)属,可划分为6个孢粉组合带,植被类型演替大体为:含少量常绿树种的针阔叶混交林—含常绿阔叶树种的落叶阔叶林—常绿落叶阔叶林—含常绿阔叶树种的落叶阔叶林—含少量常绿树种的针阔叶混交林。孢粉带Ⅰ(15.753~11.280kaB.P.)记录了该区域晚冰期及其向全新世过渡时期冷暖波动频繁的气候条件,其中亚带Ⅰ -1(15.753~15.549kaB.P.),Ⅰ -3(14.936~14.505kaB.P.)和Ⅰ -5(12.655~11.280kaB.P.)可能分别对应最老仙女木期、老仙女木和新仙女木冷期,而亚带Ⅰ -2(15.549~14.936kaB.P.)和Ⅰ -4(14.505~12.655kaB.P.)分别对应博令和阿勒罗德暖期。孢粉带Ⅱ(11.280~9.218kaB.P.)代表了由晚冰期冷湿气候向全新世温暖气候转换的早全新世缓慢升温的过渡时期。孢粉带Ⅲ(9.218~7.530kaB.P.)代表中全新世前期的气温波动上升期,7.7kaB.P.前后达到最高温。孢粉带Ⅳ(7.530~4.051kaB.P.)代表中全新世适宜期,水热配置条件最佳。孢粉带Ⅴ(4.051~0.911kaB.P.)体现晚全新世温干的气候。孢粉带Ⅵ(0.911~0kaB.P)反映了大九湖温凉稍湿的气候。