樟子松固沙林带间植被恢复及其对林草界面作用的响应

调查了海拉尔市巴音岱林场不同分布格局、不同带间距的人工樟子松林带内植被恢复过程及物种多样性的差异,分析了林草界面生态学效应,研究了林草界面对带间植被自然恢复的作用。结果表明,宽的带间距带内物种多样性和生物量变化曲线出现了两个高峰,而窄的带间距带内只有一个高峰,说明该地区林带之间距离不应小于12 m;当林带之间距离为16~28 m时草本物种多样性出现最大值。植被恢复效果表现为带间距12 m差于带间距24 m,虽然都差于天然植被,但边际效应大大地加速了群落演替的进程。研究区樟子松林草界面边缘效应影响域为20 m, 其小尺度范围内生境异质性也很明显。行带式造林带间距离不应大于40 m,超出边缘效应影响域不利于带间植被恢复。     

硫化物风化产酸对流域岩石风化和碳循环的影响——以黄河支流三川河流域为例

硫化物风化产酸可加速岩溶作用但抑制大气二氧化碳参与流域碳循环,其复杂的地球化学机制和过程待阐明。本文以黄河二级支流三川河流域为例,通过采集20个三川河及其支流地表水点样和30个柳林泉地下水点样,经实验测试获得了流域比较系统的水化学资料和δ¹³C、δ³⁴ S数据,运用碳、硫同位素分析与水化学平衡计量方法,量化了流域硫化物风化产酸对岩石风化作用的贡献以及对碳循环的影响。计算结果表明：煤系地层硫化物和矿床硫化物的氧化及大气酸沉降所形成的硫酸明显促进了流域碳酸盐岩的溶蚀,对碳酸盐岩溶蚀的贡献约占64.59%;柳林泉水石膏溶解来源的SO₄^2-占69%,河水中石膏溶解来源的SO₄^2-占30%,但这些部分SO₄^2-没有参与溶蚀作用,应当扣除;三川河流域平均岩石风化速率为10.02 mm/ka,其中碳酸盐岩、硅酸盐岩的风化速率分别为9.14 mm/ka和0.88 mm/ka,低于国内外很多流域;由于硫酸抵消了碳酸盐岩石风化作用对大气二氧化碳的吸收,流域岩石风化消耗大气/土壤CO₂通量为116.58 mmol/（km² ·a）,不足珠江流域的1/5,且硅酸盐岩风化的贡献占63.3%。

     

STUDY ON GIS FOR YIELD ESTIMATION BY REMOTE SENSING IN JILIN MAIZE BELT

ＳＴＵＤＹ　ＯＮ　ＧＩＳ　ＦＯＲ　ＹＩＥＬＤ　ＥＳＴＩＭＡＴＩＯＮ　ＢＹ　ＲＥＭＯＴＥ　ＳＥＮＳＩＮＧ　ＩＮ　ＪＩＬＩＮ　ＭＡＩＺＥ　ＢＥＬＴＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＧＩＳＦＯＲＹＩＥＬＤＥＳＴＩＭＡＴＩＯＮＢＹＲＥＭＯＴＥＳＥＮＳＩＮＧＩＮＪＩＬＩＮＭＡＩＺ...     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组富铀凝灰岩地球化学特征及形成机制

本文系统地研究了鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组凝灰岩元素和同位素地球化学特征。结果表明：凝灰岩主量元素具有高K、高Al、Si中等至高、低Na的特征; REE总体特征为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损,∑REE在4857～40212 μg/g 之间变化,Eu呈现出负异常,在034～082内变化,δCe范围在080～208之间; 微量元素中U含量在312～144 μg/g 之间,Ba、U、Th、Hf和Ce呈明显正异常,Nb、P、Ti和Rb呈现负异常。详细的分析表明：U的富集和一些微量元素如Ta、Dy、Lu等相关,Th与∑REE存在明显的正相关性,这些变化可能和盆地中铀矿的富集有关; 凝灰岩的硫同位素总体呈现深源特征。根据以上的研究对凝灰岩的形成原因及形成环境进行了探讨。鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组凝灰岩来源于秦岭造山带火山作用,其中的铀元素富集是由于砂岩型铀矿中铀向凝灰岩迁移而被还原所致。本研究对盆地砂岩型铀矿的铀运移和富集机理认识具有一定指导意义。     

Effects of nitrate on nitrite toxicity to Microcystis aeruginosa

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nitrate on nitrite toxicity to Microcystis aeruginosa. Short-term uptake experiment revealed nitrate could depress the nitrite active uptake. The long-term experiment of nitrate effects on nitrite toxicity showed a negative relationship between the growth and intracellular nitrite levels of M. aeruginosa. The net nitrite uptake displayed a decline in the range of 0-150 mg NO(3)(-)-NL(-1) and an elevation at 200mg NO(3)(-)-NL(-1), whereas the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) were more sensitive to nitrate than nitrite reductase (NiR). As a result, the total intracellular nitrite levels tended to decrease up to 100 mg NO(3)(-)-NL(-1) then increased at 150-200 mg NO(3)(-)-NL(-1). These results suggested the existence of external nitrate could affect the toxicity of nitrite to alga through changing intracellular nitrite content.     

Impacts of Climatic Factors on Runoff Coefficients in Source Regions of the Huanghe River

Runoff coefficients of the source regions of the Huanghe River in 1956–2000 were analyzed in this paper. In the 1990s runoff of Tangnaihai Hydrologic Station of the Huanghe River experienced a serious decrease, which had at- tracted considerable attention. Climate changes have important impact on the water resources availability. From the view of water cycling, runoff coefficients are important indexes of water resources in a particular catchment. Kalinin baseflow separation technique was improved based on the characteristics of precipitation and streamflow. After the separation of runoff coefficient (R/P), baseflow coefficient (Br/P) and direct runoff coefficient (Dr/P) were estimated. Statistic analyses were applied to assessing the impact of precipitation and temperature on runoff coefficients (including Dr/P, Br/P and R/P). The results show that in the source regions of the Huanghe River, mean annual baseflow coefficient was higher than mean annual direct runoff coefficient. Annual runoff coefficients were in direct proportion to annual pre- cipitation and in inverse proportion to annual mean temperature. The decrease of runoff coefficients in the 1990s was closely related to the decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature in the same period. Over different sub-basins of the source regions of the Huanghe River, runoff coefficients responded differently to precipitation and temperature. In the area above Jimai Hydrologic Station where annual mean temperature is –3.9oC, temperature is the main factor in- fluencing the runoff coefficients. Runoff coefficients were in inverse relation to temperature, and precipitation had nearly no impact on runoff coefficients. In subbasin between Jimai and Maqu Hydrologic Station Dr/P was mainly affected by precipitation while R/P and Br/P were both significantly influenced by precipitation and temperature. In the area be-tween Maqu and Tangnaihai hydrologic stations all the three runoff coefficients increased with the rising of annual precipitation, while direct runoff coefficient was inversely proportional to temperature. In the source regions of the Huanghe River with the increase of average annual temperature, the impacts of temperature on runoff coefficients be-come insignificant.     

低高度角大气静力学延迟修正的改进

进行低高度角观测是GPS(Global Positioning System)气象学的发展趋势,其中发展高精度的低高度角的大气静力学延迟修正是主要的关键技术.比较了3种计算无线电波从空间到地面接收机的大气静力学延迟修正方法:(1)在大气球对称假设下用探空气球资料路径积分得到大气静力学延迟;(2)在大气球对称假设下用NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)再分析资料得到大气静力学延迟;(3)用Niell的大气静力学映射函数得到大气静力学延迟.与2001年中国地区89个探空气球站资料计算得到的大气静力学映射函数比较结果显示:NCEP再分析资料路径积分的方法在低高度角(5°以下)的精度好于Niell映射函数模型约5倍.     

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黄河中游岩土侵蚀问题及防治对策探讨

黄河中游出露地层岩性主要有古生界奥陶系碳酸盐岩、石炭系和二叠系碎屑岩;中生界三叠系砂泥岩、侏罗系砂泥岩和白垩系砂泥岩;新生界古近系砂泥岩、新近系(原为第三系)红土及第四系风积黄土和现代风积沙。第四系黄土厚度大,结构松散,遇水易解体,具湿陷性,是黄河中游粗泥砂的主要物源;第四系风积沙分布于黄河中游北部,亦是黄河中游粗泥砂的主要物源。岩土侵蚀类型有五:一是风力侵蚀—风沙侵蚀;二是降雨对谷坡面的面状冲刷—坡面侵蚀;三是地表径流对谷底的侧蚀—沟谷侵蚀;四是滑塌对谷坡坡体的破坏—重力侵蚀;五是潜蚀。并对不同侵蚀类型提出了不同的防治对策。