克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)对新鲜和不同分解腐烂程度的沉水植物摄食选择性研究

原产美国南部和墨西哥东北部的克氏原螯虾是目前全球入侵最广的小龙虾,也是对淡水生态系统最具破坏性的物种之一,其对栖息地沉水植物的现存量构成严重威胁,然而目前对克氏原螯虾摄食沉水植物的机制还知之甚少.本文选择6种沉水植物,研究克氏原螯虾对浅水湖泊常见的沉水植物穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、密刺苦草(Vallisneria denseserrulata)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、菹草(Potamogeton crispus L.)、马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)的新鲜植株和分解腐烂后的植株的摄食偏好及原因,结果表明克氏原螯虾对沉水植物新鲜植株选择逗留偏好为:最偏爱逗留在轮叶黑藻区,在穗花狐尾藻、密刺苦草和马来眼子菜3种植株区逗留频次无区别,而在金鱼藻区逗留频次显著最低,6种植物湿重减少量与逗留偏好趋势相似;相对各新鲜植株,克氏原螯虾均更喜欢逗留在分解腐烂8 d或12 d后的植物碎屑区域,相应分解腐烂8 d或12 d植物湿重降低量也显著更高.6种植物新鲜植株总酚类含量均显著高于分解腐烂后的植株,其中穗花狐尾藻新鲜和分解腐烂后的植株的总酚类含量始终显著高于其他5种植物.结合植物总酚类指标和摄食偏好结果,表明克氏原螯虾对沉水植物的摄食具有选择性,相对新鲜植物更喜摄食腐烂后的碎屑,总酚类不是影响其选择的关键因子.     

初夏北半球500hPa遥相关型特征及与我国降水的关系

对１９５１－１９９８年初夏５００ｈＰａ高度场作单点遥相关、并重点分析１９９１－１９９８年我国初夏旱涝与遥相关型的关系。结果显示;除１９９２年以外,初夏的大涝和大旱都与东亚太平洋型,黄河东亚型的异常有关,而１９９８年东北地区的涝还与异常强的ＷＡ型有关。     

黄河下游悬河稳定性因素分析

黄河悬河的形成是自然营力与人为因素综合作用的产物.悬河的稳定性关乎黄河下游广大人民的生命财产安全.从地学角度出发,论证了影响黄河悬河稳定性的因素:①地质构造控制机制;②河流地貌的影响;③河床质与土体结构;④流动力地质作用;⑤治理工程对悬河稳定性的影响.     

Characteristics of the Asian–Pacific Oscillation in Boreal Summer Simulated by BCC_CSM with Different Horizontal Resolutions

The summer Asian–Pacific Oscillation(APO) is a major teleconnection pattern that reflects the zonal thermal contrast between East Asia and the North Pacific in the upper troposphere. The performance of Beijing Climate Center Climate System Models(BCC CSMs) with different horizontal resolutions, i.e., BCC CSM1.1 and BCC CSM1.1(m), in reproducing APO interannual variability, APO-related precipitation anomalies, and associated atmospheric circulation anomalies, is evaluated.The results show that BCC CSM1.1(m) can successfully capture the interannual variability of the summer APO index. It is also more capable in reproducing the APO's spatial pattern, compared to BCC CSM1.1, due to its higher horizontal resolution. Associated with a positive APO index, the northward-shifted and intensified South Asian high, strengthened extratropical westerly jet, and tropical easterly jet in the upper troposphere, as well as the southwesterly monsoonal flow over North Africa and the Indian Ocean in the lower troposphere, are realistically represented by BCC CSM1.1(m), leading to an improvement in reproducing the increased precipitation over tropical North Africa, South Asia, and East Asia, as well as the decreased precipitation over subtropical North Africa, Japan, and North America. In contrast, these features are less consistent with observations when simulated by BCC CSM1.1. Regression analysis further indicates that surface temperature anomalies over the North Pacific and the southern and western flanks of the Tibetan Plateau are reasonably reproduced by BCC CSM1.1(m), which contributes to the substantial improvement in the simulation of the characteristics of summer APO compared to that of BCC CSM1.1.     

基于外弹道计算的人影高炮作业安全评估方法

随着经济的高速发展,各个高炮作业点所在地的周边环境已经发生了很大变化,为了进一步提高人工影响天气作业的安全性,针对高炮作业特点提出了一套安全论证方法。推导了弹道计算的方法,在此基础上结合安全射界法和地理信息系统对作业安全性进行了更精确的评估,并给出实例说明。提出用危险系数的方法进行安全性评估,给出了具体的危险系数定义方法,通过评估系统的一次实际作业评估证明了危险系数进行安全性评估的可行性。以该方法进行安全性评估可有效保障人影作业的安全性,为人影作业提供重要的参考。     

Distribution and geochemical significance of trace elements in shale rocks and their residual kerogens

There is a dearth of information about the distribution of trace elements in kerogen from shale rocks despite several reports on trace element composition in many shale samples. In this study, trace elements in shale rocks and their residual kerogens were determined by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. The results from this study show redox-sensitive elements relatively concentrated in the kerogens as compared to the shales. This may be primarily due to the adsorption and complexation ability of kerogen, which enables enrichment in Ni, Co, Cu, and Zn. For the rare earth elements (REEs), distinct distribution characteristics were observed for shales dominated by terrigenous minerals and their kerogen counterparts. However, shales with less input of terrigenous minerals showed similar REE distribution patterns to their residual kerogen. It is speculated that the distribution patterns of the REEs in shales and kerogens may be source-related.     

Spatiotemporal change patterns of urban lakes in China’s major cities between 1990 and 2015

China has experienced unprecedented urbanization in the past decades, resulting in dramatic changes in the physical, limnological, and hydrological characteristics of lakes in urban landscapes. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics in distribution and abundance of urban lakes in China remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized the spatiotemporal change patterns of urban lakes in China’s major cities between 1990 and 2015 using remote-sensing data and landscape metrics. The results showed that the urban lake landscape patterns have experienced drastic changes over the past 25 years. The total surface area of the urban lakes has decreased by 17,620.02?ha, a decrease of 24.22%, with a significant increase in the landscape fragmentation and a reduction in shape complexity. We defined three lake-shrinkage types and found that vanishment was the most common lake-shrinkage pattern, followed by edge-shrinkage and tunneling in terms of lake area. Moreover, we also found that urban sprawl was the dominant driver of the lake shrinkage, accounting for 67.89% of the total area loss, and the transition from lakes to cropland was also an important factor (19.86%). This study has potential for providing critical baseline information for government decision-making in lake resources management and urban landscape design.     

Spatially uniform specific discharge from headwater to river basins on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Hydrogeology Journal - Although there is a general consensus that spatial heterogeneity is ubiquitous in hydrological responses, it is common practice to assume a constant specific discharge among...     

钢-混凝土组合剪力墙抗震性能研究简述

钢-混凝土组合剪力墙可以充分发挥钢和混凝土2种材料的优势,改善传统钢筋混凝土剪力墙延性和耗能能力较差的缺点,在钢-混凝土混合结构中具有应用优势。本文简要介绍了国内外一些新型的钢-混凝土组合剪力墙,并简述了其抗震性能的研究现状,最后对一些关键问题进行了初步探讨。