Spatial patterns of terrestrial net ecosystem productivity in China during 1981–2000

As the third largest country in the world, China has highly variable environmental condition and ecological pattern in both space and time. Quantification of the spatial-temporal pattern and dynamic of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle in China is of great significance to regional and global carbon budget. In this study, we used a high-resolution climate database and an improved ecosystem process-based model to quantify spatio-temporal pattern and dynamic of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in China and its responses to climate change during 1981 to 2000. The results showed that NEP increased from north to south and from northeast to southwest. Positive NEP (carbon sinks) occurred in the west of Southwest China, southeastern Tibet, Sanjiang Plain, Da Hinggan Mountains and the mid-west of North China. Negative NEP (carbon sources) were mainly found in Central China, the south of Southwest China, the north of Xinjiang, west and north of Inner Mongolia, and parts of North China. From the 1980s to 1990s, the increasing trend of NEP occurred in the middle of Northeast China Plain and the Loess Plateau and decreasing trends mainly occurred in a greater part of Central China. In the study period, natural forests had minimal carbon uptake, while grassland and shrublands accounted for nearly three fourths of the total carbon terrestrial uptakes in China during 1981–2000. Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (G2002CB412507), the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.30590384), the “Hundred Talent” Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and K C WONE Education Foundation     

On the Limitation of the H/V Spectral Ratio Using Seismic Noise as an Exploration Tool: Application to the Grenoble Valley (France), a Small Apex Ratio Basin

The H/V spectral ratio method based on seismic noise (HVSRN) was used in the Grenoble Basin (France), an Alpine valley characterized by a small apex ratio. The resonance frequencies obtained in the experiments were compared to the thickness of the sediments deduced from a microgravimetric survey and to the 1-D theoretical assessment of site responses. Given the abundance of data on the sediments and depth of the basin, the values of the theoretical resonance frequency f_o can be determined quite accurately. However, it has been observed that the effects of basin geometry can disturb f_o measurements using the HVSR method, in particular for a case like the Grenoble Basin, which has a small apex ratio (w/H) and strong suspected 2-D and/or 3-D effects. Interpretation of f_o values in terms of bedrock depth gives rise to estimation errors of about 10% in certain cases, with the most significant errors (>50%) occurring on the edges of the basin, where subsurface layers are characterised by larger heterogeneities and where the basin topography is accentuated. This study suggests that great care must be taken when using the HVSRN method as an exploration tool, at least in valleys with a small apex ratio.     

相似离度在山东省9月份降水趋势预测中的应用

利用山东省9月份平均降水量、NCEP再分析500hPa高度场资料和NOAA再分析海温资料，采用相关分析方法，在前期500hPa高度场和海温场上挑选出影响山东省9月份降水的关键区域，把关键区域内的资料进行区域平均，并做归一化处理，形成因子集，进行相似离度计算，确定出相似年份，预报9月份降水量距平百分率。将1997-2005年作为试报年，结果报对7年，准确率为77．8％，可见，相似离度方法在月尺度短期气候预测中有一定的应用价值。     

防雹作业指挥中的雷达探测方法

711数字化气象雷达因其操控方便、响应速度快、探测范围满足要求,在我国人工防雹作业指挥中起着重要作用。根据711数字化气象雷达设备的特点,研究快速、全面获取冰雹云回波特征参数及监测冰雹云初始回波的雷达探测方法,通过对不同雷达探测模式对比分析,提出三线切割法。     

地震引起地球自转速率变化的分析

由地震引起地球内部质量重新分布将影响地球惯量矩的变化，从而引起地球自转速率的变化，即日长的变化。一般说，大地震产生大的附加位移场。它对地球自转特性有较强的影响。本文采用Ｈａｒｖａｒｄ目录中１９７７－１９９４年间的地震有关参数，和根据地震激发地球自转的变化理论及Ｄａｈｌｅｎ和Ｌａｍ－ｂｅｃｋ推出有关公式计算了地震引起地球轴向惯量矩的变化。结果表明：由单个地震引起的日长变化要比观测值小几个量级，它的累积效应表现出长期的变化即日长减小，就是地震活动加速地球自转。地震使地球自转能量随时间稳定地增加。并表明，虽地震活动影响日长，但它不是十年尺度变化的主要原因，它可能是地球自转非潮汐加速机制之一     

新疆伽师强震群震源应力环境分析

本文基于能量辐射系数（Ag)和环境剪应力（τ0）讨论了伽师强震群发生的应力环境背景。1988年以来11年的环境剪应力τ0值表明,伽师震群发生在相对低的应力环境下,1992年以来8年的能量辐射系数Ag值显示震源区介质强度较弱,震中位于介质性质发生变化的过渡区。同时,震源区（喀什）能量辐射系数Ag自1994年5月起系统性地降低,较好地显示了1996年3月19日至1998年8月27日期间震源区发生的10次强震前（包括1996年3月19日阿图什6．9级地震）震源区介质性质的前兆性异常变化,本文由此对伽师强震群的成因进行了讨论。     

Parameterization of the Absorption of the H2O Continuum, CO2, O2, and Other Trace Gases in the Fu-Liou Solar Radiation Program

The absorption properties of the water vapor continuum and a number of weak bands for H2O, O2, CO2, CO, N2O, CH4, and O3 in the solar spectrum are incorporated into the Fu-Liou radiation parameterization program by using the correlated k-distribution method (CKD) for the sorting of absorption lines. The overlap absorption of the H2O lines and the H2O continuum (2500-14500 cm^-1) are treated by taking the two gases as a single-mixture gas in transmittance calculations. Furthermore, in order to optimize the computation efforts, CO2 and CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm^-1 are taken as a new singlemixture gas as well. For overlap involving other absorption lines in the Fu-Liou spectral bands, the authors adopt the multiplication rule for transmittance computations under which the absorption spectra for two gases are assumed to be uncorrelated. Compared to the line-by-line (LBL) computation, it is shown that the errors in fluxes introduced by these two approaches within the context of the CKD method are small and less than 0.48% for the H20 line and continuum in the 2500-14500 cm^-1 solar spectral region, -1% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) CO2 CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm^-1, and -1.5% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) O2 in the 7700-14500 cm^-1 spectral region. Analysis also demonstrates that the multiplication rule over a spectral interval as wide as 6800 cm^-1 can produce acceptable errors with a maximum percentage value of about 2% in reference to the LBL calculation. Addition of the preceding gases increases the absorption of solar radiation under all sky conditions. For clear sky, the increase in instantaneous solar absorption is about 9%-13% (-12 W m^-2) among which the H20 continuum produces the largest increase, while the contributions from O2 and CO2 rank second and third, respectively. In cloudy sky, the addition of absorption amounts to about 6-9 W m^-2. The new, improved program with the incorporation of the preceding gases produces a smaller solar absorption in clouds due to the reduced solar flux reaching the cloud top.     

地震灾害损失评估的新方法--航空测量法

地震灾害损失评估是一项非常讲究速度和准确性的工作.文章简要介绍了目前国际上正在兴起的一种新的地震灾害损失评估方法--航空测量法及其基本原理和主要的技术环节,供有关管理者和技术人员参考.     

青藏高原东北缘第三纪构造-气候事件与环境变迁

青藏高原东北缘处于青藏高原与黄土高原的交接部位,为环境变化敏感带。通过系统的沉积环境、构造运动与古气候演化的较高分辨率研究,划分了第三纪以构造－气候作用下的１７个沉积层序和古气候演化的七大阶段,将研究区的地质事件与同期的柴达木盆地干旱植物、珠江口和渤海湾海平面、大西洋海氧同位素演化阶段对比研究表明,区域重大地质事件具有可比性,同时具有很好的第三纪时期全球变化意义。