河北中南部连续12 d重霾污染天气过程特征及影响因素分析

2013年12月14—25日,河北中南部地区发生了一次长达12 d的重霾污染天气过程。本文通过对同期气象条件、流场、污染物特征进行分析,探讨了这次过程的成因。此次污染过程与霾密切相关,具有持续时间长、范围广及强度大的特点;在静稳的大尺度气象条件和近地面大气层结下,污染物沿近地面风场的弱辐合区迅速积累,是重覆污染天气形成的关键;此次重霾污染天气过程中有两次弱冷空气活动,两次冷空气影响层次有所不同但影响时间均较短,不能彻底改变静稳大气层结,对污染物的扩散能力有限,重霾污染天气得以长时间持续。     

Spatial signatures for geographic feature types: examining gazetteer ontologies using spatial statistics

Digital gazetteers play a key role in modern information systems and infrastructures. They facilitate (spatial) search, deliver contextual information to recommended systems, enrich textual information with geographical references, and provide stable identifiers to interlink actors, events, and objects by the places they interact with. Hence, it is unsurprising that gazetteers, such as GeoNames, are among the most densely interlinked hubs on the Web of Linked Data. A wide variety of digital gazetteers have been developed over the years to serve different communities and needs. These gazetteers differ in their overall coverage, underlying data sources, provided functionality, and geographic feature type ontologies. Consequently, place types that share a common name may differ substantially between gazetteers, whereas types labeled differently may, in fact, specify the same or similar places. This makes data integration and federated queries challenging, if not impossible. To further complicate the situation, most popular and widely adopted geo‐ontologies are lightweight and thus under‐specific to a degree where their alignment and matching become nothing more than educated guesses. The most promising approach to addressing this problem, and thereby enabling the meaningful integration of gazetteer data across feature types, seems to be a combination of top‐down knowledge representation with bottom‐up data‐driven techniques such as feature engineering and machine learning. In this work, we propose to derive indicative spatial signatures for geographic feature types by using spatial statistics. We discuss how to create such signatures by feature engineering and demonstrate how the signatures can be applied to better understand the differences and commonalities of three major gazetteers, namely DBpedia Places, GeoNames, and TGN.     

利用直线控制进行非量测相机的几何标定

研究了基于直线特征的非量测相机几何标定方法,依据中心投影影像的几何特性建立了基于直线特征的相机内参数标定模型,并推导了其线性化公式。与常规基于控制点的空间后方交会和几何检校的实验结果对比表明,该方法可以达到与传统方法同等的定位精度,且回避了常规方法物像必须严格对应的问题,为缺少控制点情况下的几何标定提供了另一个可选方案。     

1—3月欧亚大陆热力变化及其与中国降水的关系

利用1979—2011年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、我国160个站降水和气温资料,分析欧亚大陆热力变化特征,其在冬季和春季的气候变率最明显,且南北区域呈反相差异。在此基础上, 探讨1—3月欧亚大陆热力差异与中国降水异常的关系,欧亚大陆正 (负) 热力差异年,1—3月华南、西南至河套西部地区降水偏多 (少) 明显,后期夏季多雨带位于长江中下游地区 (华南地区)。大气环流异常特征显示:1—3月欧亚大陆南北热力差异与同期北极涛动 (AO)、东亚大槽、东亚高空急流等大尺度大气环流,以及后期东亚高空急流、南亚高压、低层季风风系异常的密切相关是欧亚大陆热力变化与中国降水联系的可能途径。     

层次分析法创建地热水前景评价模型的研究

在地热能源不断得到关注和利用的当今社会,对其科学合理地开发利用显得尤为重要。文章采用层次分析法和多目标决策的线性加权相结合的方法建立了地热水开发利用前景评价模型,避免了以往单纯从定性角度分析地热水开发利用前景的人为主观性及片面性,保证了评价结果的客观准确,经实例验证,是一种行之有效的评价方法。作者选取地热地质条件、经济发展水平、开发利用现状作为层次分析法的中间层要素,进而将其进一步分解为不同的组成因素,运用层次分析法计算出各项指标的权重,结合多目标决策的线性加权方法建立综合评价评分的数学模型,最后根据地热田的实际情况,综合评价,确定评价结果。     

Using isotopic,hydrogeochemical-tracer and temperature data to characterize recharge and flow paths in a complex karst groundwater flow system in northern China

Isotopic and hydrogeochemical analysis, combined with temperature investigation, was conducted to characterize the flow system in the carbonate aquifer at Taiyuan, northern China. The previous division of karst subsystems in Taiyuan, i.e. the Xishan (XMK), Dongshan (DMK) and Beishan (BMK) mountain systems, were also examined. The measured δD, δ ¹⁸O and ³He/⁴He in water indicate that both thermal and cold groundwaters have a meteoric origin rather than deep crustal origin. Age dating using ³H and ¹⁴C shows that groundwater samples from discharge zones along faults located at the margin of mountains in the XMK and DMK are a mixture of paleometeoric thermal waters and younger cold waters from local flow systems. ¹⁴C data suggest that the average age was about 10,000 years and 4,000 years for thermal and cold groundwater in discharge zones, respectively. Based on the data of temperature, water solute chemical properties, ¹⁴C, δ ³⁴S_SO4, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and δ ¹⁸O, different flow paths in the XMK and DMK were distinguished. Shallow groundwater passes through the upper Ordovician formations, producing younger waters at the discharge zone (low temperature and ionic concentration and enriched D and ¹⁸O). Deep groundwater flows through the lower Ordovician and Cambrian formations, producing older waters at the discharge zone (high ionic concentration and temperature and depleted D and ¹⁸O). At the margin of mountains, groundwater in deep systems flows vertically up along faults and mixes with groundwater from shallow flow systems. By contrast, only a single flow system through the entire Cambrian to Ordovician formations occurs in the BMK.     

2012年夏季北极浮冰生物群落结构及垂直分布特征研究

海冰生物群落是北极生态系统的重要组成部分,在北冰洋初级生产和碳循环中扮演着重要角色。本文利用荧光显微分析技术对2012年度夏季采集于北冰洋中心区的浮冰生物群落进行了分析,结果显示：柱总生物量平均为105.85±53.41 mgC •m^-2,其中细菌占生物量的47.2%,而后依次是硅藻（26.7%）,鞭毛虫（18.2%）,鞭毛藻（6.9%）和纤毛虫（1.0%）。最高纬站位（123°43.454′E 87°39.598′N）出现冰底鞭毛藻藻华现象,生物量可达329.6 μg C•L^-1,该站位生物群落处于硅藻藻华后期,海冰上层存在较大程度的融冰作用,底部冰芯营养盐N/P比较高,可能形成有利于鞭毛藻生长的小生境。与已有研究结果的对比表明,近年来夏季北极海冰的快速融化对浮冰生物群落结构产生了明显影响,异养类群生物量升高,细菌取代硅藻成为优势类群。     

APPLICATIONS OF THE CLOUDSAT TROPICAL CYCLONE PRODUCT IN ANALYZING THE VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF TROPICAL CYCLONES OVER THE WESTERN PACIFIC

Cloud profiling radar (CPR) onboard CloudSat allows for deep penetration into dense clouds/precipitation. In this study, tropical cyclones (TCs) are classified into three stages as developing, mature, and decaying. The circular TC area with the radius of 500 km is divided into five regions. The vertical structure characteristics of 94 Western Pacific TCs at different stages in different regions from June 2006 to February 2014 are statistically quantified using the CloudSat tropical cyclone overpass product (the CSTC Product). Contoured frequency by altitude diagrams (CFADs) of radar reflectivity show an arc-like feature and exhibit opposite distributions with a boundary at 5 km. Bright bands are found at this altitude, indicating melting layers. Deep convective (DC) clouds have the largest occurrence probability in the inner region, while Ci clouds occur more frequently in the outer region at 10-15 km. As clouds have the second largest vertical scale after DC clouds. Distributions of Ac, Cu, and Ns clouds at different stages have few distinctions. As the altitude increases, the ice effective radius and the distribution width parameter decrease while the particle number concentration increases. Moist static energy (MSE), cloud thickness (CT), liquid water path (LWP), ice water path (IWP), water vapor (WV), and rain rate (RR) all diminish along the radial direction and are significantly larger at the mature stage. The average value of MSE at the developing stage is larger than that at the decaying stage.     

基于A-Train卫星编队资料的热带气旋强度估算

准确估算热带气旋(TC)强度,对于预测TC发展、减少财产损失具有重要的意义。前人将TC看作满足静力平衡和梯度风平衡的轴对称涡旋系统,基于云顶高度、云顶温度、海表面气压等物理量建立了TC强度估算模型,该模型未考虑环境垂直风切变对TC强度的影响。本文提出一种修正模型,通过统计拟合手段将垂直风切变加入原模型中。从2006—2015年的Cloud Sat资料中筛选出穿心个例共63个。针对云雷达(CPR)数据特点,提出根据反射率因子的垂直分布确定眼墙和外围边界位置的方法。分别用原模型与修正模型对这63个TC个例进行强度估算。与最佳路径数据相比,原模型结果总体偏大,尤其对风切变较大、强度较小的个例估算效果不佳。修正模型对于风切变大于5 m·s~(-1)的个例误差明显减小,平均绝对误差MAE、均方根误差RMSE和平均绝对误差百分比MAPE分别从5.8 m·s~(-1)、7.7 m·s~(-1)和19.5%变为3.5 m·s~(-1)、4.9 m·s~(-1)和11.5%。在一定强度范围内,修正模型估算效果随着强度的增强而提升。修正模型对于成熟阶段的个例效果更好,北半球的估算精度高于南半球,纬度越高,估算误差越小。试验结果表明,用该修正模型估算TC强度是可行的,可以对现有的技术进行辅助和补充。     

东北春玉米积温模型的改进与比较

积温是农业气象科研和业务工作中最常使用的指标之一,但由于受其他环境条件的影响,农作物生育期间的积温在年际间和地区间均表现出不稳定性。因此,如何对已有积温模型进行修正,使农作物生育期间积温计算值趋于稳定并反映实际情况,对农业生产和气象服务均有重要意义。该文以东北春玉米四单19为例,应用沈国权提出的非线性积温模型（简称NLM）进行拟合,分析了参数选择对积温稳定性的影响,提出使用平均温度的二次函数对线性积温模型（简称LM）进行修正（修正后模型称TRM）并进行效果分析,与NLM进行比较。结果表明:NLM拟合时参数P越小,模拟有效积温越稳定;NLM积温在年际间、地区间均存在差异,造成积温不稳定的主要因子是温度强度,与其他因子相关性较差;有效积温与生育期平均温度呈二次曲线关系,对LM的温度二次方修正结果与NLM结果比较发现,二次方修正方法具有可行性。