近50年疏勒河流域山区的气候变化及其对出山径流的影响

利用祁连山区水文站和气象站的观测数据,分析了近50年河西走廊西部疏勒河流域山区的气候变化及其对出山径流的影响。结果表明,受全球变暖的影响,疏勒河山区气候持续向暖湿转化,且各季气温均呈持续的上升趋势,山区降水量总体上亦呈增加趋势,年际波动比较剧烈。在各季降水量中,除夏季外其他各季降水量的增加比较显著,海拔3 000m以上中高山地带夏季降水量变化不大,3 000m以下中低山地带夏季降水量略有减少。受山区降水,尤其是3 000m以下中低山地带的降水量显著增加与气温上升所引起的冰雪融水补给的影响,疏勒河出山径流呈持续的增加趋势。由于夏季降水量并未增加,在年径流总量中所占比重最大的夏季径流量的增加主要是由于气温上升所引起的冰雪融水补给的增加所致。     

近40 a西藏那曲当惹雍错湖泊面积变化遥感分析

西藏著名圣湖之一的当惹雍错,是藏北高原腹地内陆封闭大湖,对湖泊面积变化的长时间序列研究较少,本文通过高分辨率陆地资源卫星Landsat TM/ETM+数据源,利用遥感和地理信息系统软件,通过人工目视解译方法对1977-2014年当惹雍错湖泊面积变化进行系统分析,并结合流域临近气象站资料,流域冰川等辅助数据对其湖泊面积变化原因进行综合分析.结果表明,1977-2014年当惹雍错湖泊平均面积为835.75 km~2,1977-2014年湖泊面积总体呈上升趋势,1970s湖泊平均面积为829.15 km~2,1980s和1990s湖泊平均面积分别为827.50和826.42 km~2,2000年之后湖泊面积明显增加,2000s湖泊平均面积与1970s相比,增幅为8.04 km~2.当惹雍错湖泊空间变化特点是,位于最大河流入口处达尔果藏布的湖泊东南部扩大明显,湖泊西南部小湖1于2014年9月开始明显扩大并与当惹雍错有相连趋势;流域冰川融水是当惹雍错主要补给源,近40 a当惹雍错湖泊面积变化是在气温升高的背景下,冰川、降水量和蒸发量三者共同变化作用的结果.     

区域环境质量的层次模糊综合评价模型及应用

本文在模糊综合评判方法中引入层次分析法,对区域环境进行综合评价。在综合评判中,利用层次分析原理给各因素赋权,具有定性与定量相结合的特点。实例表明,该模型为区域环境质量综合评价提供了一条新的途径。     

Mg2B2O5晶须增强AZ91D镁基复合材料在Cl-溶液中腐蚀行为*

用电化学方法测量了Mg_2B_2O_5晶须增强AZ91D镁基复合材料在3.5%NaCl溶液中的开路电位、动电位极化曲线和交流阻抗,研究了晶须体积分数对镁合金基体耐腐蚀性能的影响,并利用SEM和XRD表征了腐蚀后复合材料表面的微观形貌和相组成。结果表明,随着Mg_2B_2O_5晶须体积分数的增加,AZ91D镁基复合材料的耐腐蚀性逐渐提高。当硼酸镁晶须的体积分数为35%时,材料的自腐蚀电位提高0.2V以上,自腐蚀流密度降低了1个数量级;SEM测试表明,复合材料表面生成了一层晶须增韧的腐蚀钝化膜,对基体起到保护作用。     

Life-time of ionospheric scintillations from multi-satellite radio transmission recordings

Amplitude recordings from five U.S. Navy Navigational Satellites (NNSS), at a frequency of 150 MHz, were used to estimate the life-time of scintillation producing ionization patches in the F-region. The median life-time of scintillations, which was found to be 5 hr, differs to a considerable degree from the life-time of ionospheric reflections reported elsewhere. It is suggested that various spatial resolutions of ionospheric sounding techniques may account for the difference in the computed life-times.     

A computer-aided framework for subsurface identification of white shark pigment patterns

Subsurface video footage can be used as a successful identification tool for various marine organisms; however, processing of such information has proven challenging. This study tests the use of automated software to assist with photo-identification of the great white shark Carcharodon carcharias in the region of Gansbaai, on the south coast of South Africa. A subsurface photo catalogue was created from underwater video footage. Single individuals were identified by using pigmentation patterns. From this catalogue, two images of the head for each individual were inserted into automated contour-recognition software (Interactive Individual Identification System Beta Contour 3.0). One image was used to search the database, the other served as a reference image. Identification was made by means of a contour, assigned using the software to the irregular border of grey and white on the shark's head. In total, 90 different contours were processed. The output provided ranks, where the first match would be a direct identification of the individual. The method proved to be accurate, in particular for high-quality images where 88.24% and 94.12%, respectively, were identified by two independent analysts as first match, and with all individuals identified within the top 10 matches. The inclusion of metadata improved accuracy and precision, allowing identification of even low-quality images.     

Longitudinal (UT) effect in the onset of auroral disturbances over two solar cycles as deduced from the AE-index

Statistical study on the universal time variations in the mean hourly auroral electrojet index (AE-index) has been undertaken for a 21 y period over two solar cycles (1957–1968 and 1978–1986). The analysis, applied to isolated auroral substorm onsets (inferred from rapid variations in the AE-index) and to the bulk of the AE data, indicates that the maximum in auroral activity is largely confined to 09–18 UT, with a distinct minimum at 03–06 UT. The diurnal effect was clearly present throughout all seasons in the first cycle but was mainly limited to northern winter in the second cycle. Severe storms (AE > 1000 nT) tended to occur between 9–18 UT irrespective of the seasons whereas all larger magnetic disturbances (AE > 500 nT) tended to occur in this time interval mostly in winter. On the whole the diurnal trend was strong in winter, intermediate at equinox and weak in summer. The implication of this study is that Eastern Siberia, Japan and Australia are mostly at night, during the period of maximum auroral activity whereas Europe and Eastern America are then mostly at daytime. The minimum of auroral activity coincides with near-midnight conditions in Eastern America. It appears that the diurnal UT distribution in the AE-index reflects a diurnal change between interplanetary magnetic field orientation and the Earths magnetic dipole inclination.     

盐生植物萌发期对盐胁迫和干旱胁迫的适应研究进展

目前我国盐渍土地面积较大,尤其是青藏高原的盐渍地,常伴有干旱、半干旱的生境,导致植物不易生长,生态环境日渐恶劣,这种生态现状亟待解决。盐生植物具有一定的耐盐性和耐旱性,是改善盐渍地的首选植物,种子的活力决定了种子萌发的情况,多数学者为改善严峻的生态环境开始了盐生植物引种的研究。测定种子活力有直接方法和间接方法,大多数学者采用的是直接方法,即在实验室模拟一定条件直接测定萌发率。本文简述了盐生植物的概况、制造胁迫的主要方法以及检测种子活力的指标,综述了近年来各位学者对盐爪爪、白刺等具有代表性的22种盐生植物在种子萌发期的耐盐性以及抗旱性的相关研究,为改善盐渍地的生态环境、提升盐渍地的生产量提供了理论依据。     

Conjugate effects in the generation of travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) in the F-region

A rapid onset of auroral absorptions was simultaneously recorded by a chain of standard riometers, situated in the northern and southern magneto-conjugate areas, during a period of pronounced substorm activity. The first absorption peak was followed by sequential disturbance patterns in the occurrence of the F-region parameters, virtual height (h′F) and spread - F, as deduced from the standard ionosonde data obtained over a wide range of latitudes in both hemispheres. The disturbances were consistent with the simultaneous occurrences of separate trains of large-scale ionospheric disturbances (TIDs), propagating equatorwards from the southern and northern auroral zones. It is suggested that TIDs were generated by an impulse-like increase in the conjugate particle precipitations, inferred from the riometer records. The precipitation pattern was limited to a high-latitude shell whose equatorwards edge was contained between L-values 5.0 and 5.3. The auroral sources of TIDs appeared to have large linear dimensions, extending at least 17 degrees in longitude.     

黄河源区气候向暖湿转变的观测事实及其水文响应

基于黄河河源区干流各水文站和有关气象站、雨量站的气温、降水与径流观测资料, 分析了该区域的气候变化特征与趋势及其水文响应. 结果表明: 在全球变暖的大背景下, 自20世纪80年代后期开始西北地区西部新疆、甘肃河西走廊西部等地降水量显著增加、气候明显由"暖干"转向"暖湿"后, 到21世纪初的年代中期后黄河源区降水量亦出现明显的增长, 气候明显转向暖湿. 最新的观测数据显示, 2005年以来河源区平均年降水量已连续多年超过多年均值进入一个多雨期, 河源区各断面来水量也于2008年后连续多年超过多年均值, 进入一个连续丰水段, 并于2012年达到了自1989年以后20余年来的最大值. 这种变化的前景如何, 目前尚不能确定, 尚需对未来河源区气候在时间与空间上变化的速度和程度进一步观察和分析. 根据对与该区域气候关系密切的东亚季风活动的研究成果以及对河源区气候与径流变化的观测事实及趋势推测, 未来黄河源区气候向暖湿的转化在时间尺度上年代际的可能性较大.