乌鲁木齐近30年低能见度气候特征

为探寻乌鲁木齐市低能见度的变化规律,分析城市发展、大气污染对能见度的影响,利用乌鲁木齐市气象站的常规气象资料和环境监测站的大气污染资料对乌鲁木齐近30年低能见度进行统计分析,结果表明:大部分低能见度出现在11月至次年3月份,占全年总次数的97%,出现频率为4.5%,其中12月份出现频率最高,为7.4%;夏半年低能见度出现频率很低,6~8月几乎没有低能见度出现;夜间20时至早晨08时是低能见度的高发时段。近30年低能见度的年出现频率随年代增加而减小的倾向度为0.52%/10 a。冬半年和夏半年低能见度出现频率随年代增加而减小的倾向度分别为0.68%/10 a和0.08%/10 a。低能见度出现时相对湿度≥85%,同时伴有24小时正变湿、负变温、负变压,冬半年平均风速<2 m/s;浓雾、低空逆温及大气污染是造成乌鲁木齐市低能见度的主要原因。本文还对城市化发展、空气污染对能见度的影响进行了正反两个方面的讨论,认为冬半年低能见度出现频率随年代增加而减小的速率远远大于夏半年的原因除气候变化外,与乌鲁木齐加大冬季大气污染治理,实施集中供热有关。     

HIGH-RESOLUTION NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TYPHOON LONGWANG (2005) WITH THE SPECTRUM NUDGING TECHNIQUE

With the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRFV3.2.1), the application of spectrum nudging techniques in numerical simulation of the genesis and development of typhoon Longwang (2005) is evaluated in this work via four numerical experiments with different nudging techniques. It is found that, due to the ability to capture the large-scale fields and to keep the meso-to small-scale features derived from the model dynamics, the experiment with spectrum nudging technique can simulate the formation, intensification and motion of Longwang properly. The improvement on the numerical simulation of Longwang induced by the spectrum nudging depends on the nudging coefficients. A weak spectrum nudging does not make significant improvement on the simulation of Longwang. Although the experiment with four-dimensional data assimilation, i.e., FDDA, also derives the genesis and movement of Longwang appropriately, it fails to simulate the intensifying process of Longwang properly. The reason is that, as the large-scale features derived from the model are nudged to the observational data, the meso- to small-processes produced by the model dynamics important to the intensification of typhoon are nearly smoothed by FDDA.     

Long-term study of at-sea distribution of seabirds and marine mammals in the Scotia Sea,Antarctica

The Scotia Sea is one of the most biologically rich regions of Antarctica, and it hosts a large community of upper trophic-level predators. Long-term at-sea monitoring provides valuable information on ...     

GPS测速方法与精度分析

基于GPS测速的基本原理,利用位置微分求速方法,设计了采用白噪声正交多项式最优线性滤波器方法的位置中心平滑软件,GPS测速精度达到了0．01m／s,提高了载波相位差分测速精度。     

如皋观测场搬迁前后气温对比分析

针对如皋观测场搬迁后气温偏低的现象,本文对产生这种现象的原因从环境条件、天气过程、土壤土质做了专题分析,结果表明:这种现象是多种因素共同作用的结果,其中最主要的是:(1)观测场环境变化是形成气温偏低的重要原因.(2)观测场所在地的土壤母质等地质背景是形成气温差异的条件之一.(3)冷空气的直接影响为气温差异提供了有利的背景.经分析揭示出:如皋观测场搬迁后的气温偏低现象是更自然地反映了大气自然状况.     

2006年6月皖北龙卷多普勒雷达产品分析

分析了2006年6月29日发生在安徽泗县的龙卷多普勒雷达的中气旋和龙卷涡旋特征（TVS）等产品。龙卷发生前,卫星云图上有3个对流云团呈东北—西南向排列,每个云团的东南侧有弓状回波发展,3条弓状回波首尾相连,也呈东北-西南向排列,龙卷发生在最西南的弓状回波的顶部。龙卷发生前弓状回波在上游产生了短时强降水,2 h降水量达到60 mm以上。在弓状回波的前沿,雷达探测到一系列的中气旋,龙卷发生前30 min,最西南的弓状回波追上其前面的回波带,发生了2个回波带合并,回波合并前,回波带上有2个中气旋,回波合并后,探测到一个特大直径的中气旋（径向直径25.8 km）。在龙卷发生地的上游,有一条带状的灾害性大风区,实地位置测定结果,该带状大风区与一系列中气旋最大风速圈的南边缘移过的路径一致。分析认为中气旋最大风速圈的南边缘,中气旋的风向与弓状回波后的直线风方向相同,两者叠加造成灾害性大风。出现龙卷1 h 40 min之前（05：00）,在泗县上游淮北地区,雷达开始探测到中气旋产品,在12 min之前探测到TVS（龙卷涡旋特征）产品,这些雷达产品对大风灾害的临近预报无疑是非常有用的。     

Spatial Distribution of HOCN Around Sagittarius B2

HOCN and HNCO abundance ratio in molecular gas can tell us the information of their formation mechanism.We performed high-sensitivity mapping observations of HO...     

Artisanal fishers' perceptions regarding coastal co-management policies in Chile and their potentials to scale-up marine biodiversity conservation

No-take Marine Protected Areas (Nt-MPAs) constitute an indispensable tool for biodiversity conservation. Nevertheless, there are other instruments such as marine coastal co-management policy frameworks which may be also considered as tools for conservation or as ancillary conservation instruments. Using focus groups, semi-structured interviews and survey questionnaires we analysed small-scale artisanal fishers' perceptions towards a coastal co-management regime in Chile and the potential to generate capacities and a social setting to scale-up marine conservation. Empirical evidence from the study shows artisanal fishers have indeed been empowered through the coastal co-management experience; however, there exist heterogeneity in their willingness to participate in the creation of Nt-MPAs, mainly determined by occupational mobility. Chilean artisanal fishers strongly support a bottom-up process in the conservation of marine biodiversity, though the need for top-down steering and guidance is also stressed, especially regarding enforcement.     

Broadband submillimeter measurements of the full Moon center brightness temperature and application to a lunar eclipse

We report on observations of the full Moon brightness temperature covering the frequency range of 300-950 GHz, and also on observations of the lunar eclipse of July 16, 2000, though only covering the frequency range of 165-365 GHz due to poor atmospheric transmission at higher frequencies. All observations were performed from the summit of Mauna Kea (HI) using a Fourier Transform Spectrometer mounted on the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory and supplemented by measurements of the atmospheric opacity using a 183 GHz Water Vapor Monitor. The telescope was pointed to the center of the lunar disk (with a footprint of ∼45-15 km on the Moon at 300 through 900 GHz). In order to obtain the correct values of the Moon brightness temperatures at all frequencies we carefully corrected for the atmospheric absorption, which varies across the submillimeter domain. This correction is fully described. The measured pre-eclipse brightness temperature is around 337 K in the 165-365 GHz range. This temperature slightly increases with frequency to reach ∼353 K at 950 GHz, according to previous broader band data. The magnitude of the temperature drop observed during the eclipse at 265 GHz (central frequency of the band covered) was about ∼70 K, in very good agreement with previous millimeter-wave measurements of other lunar eclipses. We detected, in addition, a clear frequency trend in the temperature drop that has been compared to a thermal and microwave emission model of the lunar regolith, with the result of a good match of the relative flux drop at different frequencies between model and measurements.