考虑开挖损伤的高放废物地质处置库温度-渗流-应力耦合数值模拟方法

高放废物地质处置库处于温度?渗流?应力（THM）多场耦合环境中,对高放废物处置库进行安全评估时,需进行多场耦合分析。然而,高放废物处置库开挖引起硐壁附近围岩应力重分布,产生损伤,导致围岩热学参数（T）、渗流参数（H）和力学参数（M）发生变化,且在空间上分布不均匀,这将会对运营期处置库THM耦合演化过程产生显著影响。通过分析高放废物处置库温度?渗流?应力三场的耦合原理和处置库围岩损伤的分布和演化规律,定义了损伤变量和损伤演化准则,并将损伤变量与热学参数、渗流参数、力学参数以及多场耦合参数（Biot系数、Biot模量和温度排水系数）建立联系,将围岩损伤与温度?渗流?应力建立联系,形成了一个弹塑性损伤温度?渗流?应力多场耦合数值模型,然后利用建立的模型对瑞士Mont Terri高放废物地质处置库围岩加热试验进行模拟,对比了模拟值和试验值,比较了考虑开挖损伤和不考虑开挖损伤对高放废物地质处置库温度?渗流?应力的影响,并分析了在多场耦合作用下开挖损伤的演化规律。     

膨润土热传导性能的温度效应

以高庙子（GMZ07）和美国怀俄明州（MX80）钠基膨润土为研究对象,采用热探针法研究温度对压实膨润土试样热传导性能的影响。在保持干密度和含水率不变的情况下,使用KD2 Pro型热特性分析仪测定不同温度（5～90 ℃）试样的热传导系数,并对部分试样进行压汞试验。试验结果表明：GMZ07和MX80膨润土的热传导系数均随着温度的增大而增大,在90 ℃时最高可达5 ℃的1.2～1.5倍,主要原因是温度引起的水汽潜热传输促进了试样内部的热传导;当试样温度高于60 ℃时,温度对热传导系数的影响较低于60 ℃时更显著;含水率不为0时,两种膨润土热传导系数的温度效应均随干密度的增大而减小;干试样的热传导系数几乎不随温度发生变化,这与水汽潜热传输的强化机制有关。热传导系数温度效应的机制可理解为：热传导系数取决于试样内部可供潜热传输的水分和传热通道数。     

Unexpected waves: Intermediate depth simulations and comparison with observations

In an earlier study, we defined an “unexpected wave” as, for example, a wave twice as high as any of the preceding 30 waves. Here we extend earlier deep water simulations to allow for the greater crest enhancement in water of finite depth and find that the predicted frequency of unexpected waves increases significantly. We also analyze data obtained by wave buoys off the east and west coasts of Canada. In both deep and intermediate depth water, the occurrence of unexpected waves is in reasonable accord with our simulations, supporting our assumption of random superposition of waves though with local crest enhancement by the non-resonant second harmonic.     

Sediment budgeting of short-term backfilling processes: The erosional collapse of a Carolingian canal construction

Sediment budgeting concepts serve as quantification tools to decipher the erosion and accumulation processes within a catchment and help to understand these relocation processes through time. While sediment budgets are widely used in geomorphological catchment-based studies, such quantification approaches are rarely applied in geoarchaeological studies. The case of Charlemagne's summit canal (also known as Fossa Carolina) and its erosional collapse provides an example for which we can use this geomorphological concept and understand the abandonment of the Carolingian construction site. The Fossa Carolina is one of the largest hydro-engineering projects in Medieval Europe. It is situated in Southern Franconia (48.9876°N, 10.9267°E; Bavaria, southern Germany) between the Altmühl and Swabian Rezat rivers. It should have bridged the Central European watershed and connected the Rhine–Main and Danube river systems. According to our dendrochronological analyses and historical sources, the excavation and construction of the Carolingian canal took place in AD 792 and 793. Contemporary written sources describe an intense backfill of excavated sediment in autumn AD 793. This short-term erosion event has been proposed as the principal reason for the collapse and abandonment of the hydro-engineering project. We use subsurface data (drillings, archaeological excavations, and direct-push sensing) and geospatial data (a LiDAR digital terrain model (DTM), a pre-modern DTM, and a 3D model of the Fossa Carolina] for the identification and sediment budgeting of the backfills. Dendrochronological findings and radiocarbon ages of macro remains within the backfills give clear evidence for the erosional collapse of the canal project during or directly after the construction period. Moreover, our quantification approach allows the detection of the major sedimentary collapse zone. The exceedance of the manpower tipping point may have caused the abandonment of the entire construction site. The spatial distribution of the dendrochronological results indicates a north–south direction of the early medieval construction progress. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

Multi‐Messenger Cosmic Particles

A54 Cosmic Ray Acceleration in Galactic Wind Shocks A71 Detection of Ultra‐High Energy Cosmic Rays and Neutrinos with LOFAR A80 Status of the gravitational‐wave detector GEO600 A87 Recent Results and Future of the MAGIC gamma‐ray telescope A92 Cosmic ray detection with the radio technique A93 Cosmic Ray Physics with IceCube A94 The resonance‐like gamma‐ray absorption processes for use in astrophysics A97 Geometry reconstruction of air shower fluorescence detectors revisited A102 Supermassive Binary Black Holes & Radio Jets A108 Muonic Component of Air Showers Measured by KASCADE‐Grande A110 Towards new frontiers: observation of photons with energies above 10¹⁸ eV A112 The IceCube Neutrino Telescope A114 The ground‐based gamma‐ray observatory CTA A116 IceCube: Recent Results and Prospects A117 Particle Physics with AMANDA and IceCube A118 Altitude dependence of fluorescence light emission by extensive air showers A120 Neutrino‐induced cascades in AMANDA & IceCube A122 Enhancement Telescopes for the Pierre Auger Southern Observatory in Argentina A123 Proton spectra from relativistic shock environments in AGN and GRBs A124 The Baikal Neutrino Telescope – Physics Results A127 Searches for point‐like sources of cosmic neutrinos with IceCube A128 The MAGIC/IceCube Target of Opportunity Programtest run A131 Supernova detection with IceCube: from low to high energy neutrinos A132 Measurement of the UHECR energy spectrum from hybrid data of the Pierre Auger Observatory A133 Extension of IceCube at Lower Energy: the Use of AMANDA as Nested Array and the Future Prospectives A135 Searching for neutrinos with the Pierre Auger Observatory A138 Search for Transient Emission of Neutrinos in IceCube A140 Acoustic Neutrino Detection in Antarctic Ice A159 AMANDA limits on the diffuse muon‐neutrino flux: physics implications A164 Investigation of the Radio Emission of Cosmic Ray Air Showers with LOPES A168 The Northern Site of the Pierre Auger Observatory A170 Shower reconstruction and size spectra with KASCADE‐Grande data A171 Neutrinos from Gamma Ray Bursts: predictions and limits from AMANDA‐II data A172 Simulation study of shower profiles from ultra‐high energy cosmic rays A174 Upper limit to the photon fraction in cosmic rays above 10¹⁹ eV from the Pierre Auger Observatory A176 Astrophysics at MeV energies A180 Study of the Cosmic Ray Composition above 0.4 EeV using the Longitudinal Profiles of Showers observed at the Pierre Auger Observatory A185 Backgrounds for UHE horizontal neutrino showers A186 The Front‐End Cards of the Pierre Auger Surface Detectors: Test Results and Performance in the Field A187 Monte Carlo Studies for MAGIC‐II A194 Measuring the proton‐air cross section from logitudinal air shower profiles A195 The UHECR energy spectrummeasured at the Pierre Auger Observatory A203 Highlights of Observations of Galactic Sources with the MAGIC telescope A207 Adesign study for a 12.5 m ∅︁ Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescope for ground‐based γ ‐ray astronomy A210 The Future of Long‐Wavelengths Radio‐Astronomy in Germany: LOFAR and GLOW A211 Online Monitoring of the Pierre Auger Observatory A216 OPTIMA‐Burst – Catching GRB Afterglows (and other Transients) with High Time Resolution A227 JEM‐EUSO mission A232 Rapid Variations in AGN: Clues on Particle Accelerators A235 Systematic search forVHEgamma‐ray emission from X‐ray bright high‐frequency peaked BL Lac objects A237 Prospects for GeV Astronomy in the Era of GLAST A241 Improvements of the energy reconstruction for the MAGIC telescope by means of analysis and Monte Carlo techniques A265 Discovery of VHE γ ‐rays from BL Lacertae with the MAGIC telescope A266 Results of two observation cycles of LS I+61°303 with the MAGIC telescope A267 Wide Range Multifrequency Observations of Northern TeV Blazars A269 Diffusive and convective cosmic ray transport in elliptical galaxies     

Aragonite and magnesite in eclogites from the Jæren nappe,SW Norway: disequilibrium in the system CaCO3–MgCO3 and petrological implications

Eclogites from the Jæren nappe in the Caledonian orogenic belt of SW Norway contain aragonite, magnesite and dolomite in quartz‐rich layers. The carbonates comprise composite grains that occur interstitially between phases of the eclogite facies assemblage: garnet + omphacite + zoisite + clinozoisite + quartz + apatite + rutile ± dolomite ± kyanite ± phengite. Pressure and temperature conditions for the main eclogite stage are estimated to be 2.3–2.8 GPa and 585–655 °C. Published ultrahigh pressure (UHP) experiments on CaO‐, MgO‐ and CO₂‐bearing systems have shown that equilibrium assemblages of aragonite and magnesite form as a result of dolomite breakdown at pressures >5 GPa. As a result, recognition of magnesite and aragonite in eclogite facies rocks has been used as an indicator for UHP conditions. However, petrological testing showed that the samples studied here have not experienced such conditions. Aragonite and magnesite show disequilibrium textures that indicate replacement of magnesite by aragonite. This process is inferred to have occurred via a coupled dissolution–precipitation reaction. The formation of aragonite is constrained to eclogite facies conditions, which implies that the studied rocks have experienced metasomatic, reactive fluid flow during their residence at high pressure (HP) conditions. During decompression, the bimineralic carbonate aggregates were overgrown by rims of dolomite, which partially reacted with aragonite to form Mg‐calcite. The well‐preserved carbonate assemblages and textures observed in the studied samples provide a detailed record of the reaction series that affected the rocks during and after their residence at P–T conditions near the coesite stability field. Recognition of the HP mechanism of magnesite replacement by aragonite provides new insight into metasomatic processes that occur in subduction zones and illustrates how fluids facilitate HP carbonate reactions that do not occur in dry systems at otherwise identical physiochemical conditions. This study documents that caution is warranted in interpreting aragonite‐magnesite associations in eclogite facies rocks as evidence for UHP metamorphic conditions.     

Relative effects of solar and infrared radiative forcing in a mesoscale model

A new efficient parameterization scheme for solar short-wave radiative heating, as a component of the net radiative effects in the atmosphere, is tested in a three-dimensional mesoscale model. This model is designed with moist convective processes in mind, so that the radiative parameterization (solar plus thermal infrared) are interactive with the cloud field. Previous work by the authors with only an infrared scheme has demonstrated that cloud-radiation interactions are characterized by strong cloud-top cooling, leading to upper cloud-layer destabilization. The effects of including solar heating are to modulate the strength of the strong infrared cooling, thereby leading to weaker interactions between clouds, radiation, and mesoscale fields. The present study shows that even on the mesoscale and for relatively short time-spans, radiative processes in the presence of clouds are not negligible.As a further step, a simple fractional cloud cover parameterization is introduced and the model response is compared with results omitting this parameterization.     

Fabrics and sequences of submarine carbonate cements in Holocene Bermuda cup reefs

A variety of precipitative synsedimentary CaCO₃ cements lines or fills cavities and surrounds sediment particles within Recent algal cup reefs which dot the rim of the Bermuda platform. These include aragonite needle, spherulitic, and lath cements as well as calcite micrite, palisade, scale, and blocky cements, listed according to respective relative abundances. No distribution pattern of cements is apparent; various combinations of three or four cements are found in almost every sample or thin section. From the occurrence of various cements, factors determining composition and fabric are deduced:

1. Morphology, composition, and coating of the substrate.
2. Direct or indirect influence of organisms such as algae, pelecypods, or crustaceans.
3. Micro-environment, specifically size and permeability, rate of sea-water circulation through the micro-environment, substrates and organisms within the microenvironment.

Various sequences of two or three precipitative cements result from changes in microenvironment; the only cause of such change recognized is the entrance of endolithic algae into partly cemented cavities. This study provides some insight into the origin of submarine cements and a basis for comparative interpretation of cements in fossil marine environments, especially fossil reefs.