中国东北及邻区若干地质构造问题的新认识

本文简要叙述了笔者对中国东北及邻区地质构造的新认识,首次提出了该区株罗纪晚期可能发育与现今青藏高原 类似的古高原的初步见解,对前人“古亚洲洋构造体制”和“演太平洋构造体制”等概念进行了讨论,对中朝地块与西伯利亚地台中元古代以来的构造活动性作了简要的比较。     

内蒙古东南部早三叠世花岗岩带岩石地球化学特征及其构造环境

锆石U-Pb定年结果表明位于林西县北西的转山子岩体的形成时代为245.6±0.9Ma,该岩体与内蒙古东南部的龙头山和建设屯岩体共同构成一条大致平行于西拉木伦河蛇绿岩带的早三叠世花岗岩带。岩石学和地球化学分析表明,上述早三叠世岩体属于钙碱性和高钾钙碱性系列,铝饱和指数(ACNK)均小于1.1,属于偏铝质或弱过铝质的I型花岗岩。其中,转山子岩体轻重稀土分馏较弱,含有较低的Sr含量(400×10-6),显示经典岛弧岩石的特征;建设屯岩体具有强烈的轻重稀土分馏以及较高的Sr含量(400×10-6),显示埃达克岩的地球化学特征;龙头山岩体的轻重稀土分馏特征和Sr的含量总体介于前两者之间。锆石Hf同位素分析表明,上述三个岩体都具有正的εHf(t)值。岩石地球化学特征反映它们起源于不同深度的新生下地壳不同程度的部分熔融作用。综合考虑区域地层和岩浆岩资料,本文认为该花岗岩带与区域上同时代的镁铁质火山岩共同形成于西伯利亚和中朝古板块碰撞造山过程中与伸展有关的地球动力学环境,可能与向南俯冲的古亚洲洋板块在早三叠世的断离引起的软流圈上涌有关。     

Glacier change and glacier runoff variation in the Tuotuo River basin,the source region of Yangtze River in western China

Glaciers in the Tuotuo River basin, western China, have been monitored in recent decades by applying topographical maps and high-resolution satellite images. Results indicate that most of glaciers in the Tuotuo River basin have retreated in the period from 1968/1971 to 2001/2002, and their shrinkage area is 3.2% of the total area in the late 1960s. To assess the influence of glacier runoff on river runoff, a modified degree–day model including potential clear-sky direct solar radiation has been applied to the glaciated regions of the river basin over the period 1961–2004. It was found that glacier runoff has increased in the last 44 years, especially in the 1990s when a two-thirds increase in river runoff was derived from the increase in glacier runoff caused by loss of ice mass in the entire Tuotuo River basin.     

河北秦皇岛斑鬣狗巢穴(灵仙洞)及斑鬣狗的集群死亡与埋藏

河北省秦皇岛灵仙洞发现了一批最后斑鬣狗化石,标本达上千件,至少代表了30个不同个体,包括3具骨架(其中骨架Ⅰ是世界上迄今所发现最完整的1具),还发现了一些其他哺乳动物化石,共计26属27种.根据动物群组成、地质地貌以及堆积物的综合分析判断,它的时代可能属于中更新世晚期至晚更新世早期.动物群的生态组合反映当时处于一个温热偏干、半封闭或开阔的山间草原而周边山上有树林的生态环境.标本(尤其是完整骨架)的保存为典型的原地埋藏,死后未受到包括斑鬣狗自身在内的动物干扰和破坏.斑鬣狗在动物群中占绝对优势以及幼年个体和粪化石的发现,表明灵仙洞是一处斑鬣狗族群的巢穴.与其他斑鬣狗巢穴不同的是:斑鬣狗的猎物稀少,鲜见斑鬣狗的活动痕迹,尤其是幼年斑鬣狗啃咬形成的特定产物“nibbling sticks”,这说明灵仙洞既非用于猎物遗骸的储藏,也非用于幼崽的抚养,而是一处共用巢穴,同时也表明灵仙洞的骨骼聚集与埋藏有着特定的成因和机理.     

~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar Dating of Deformation Events and Reconstruction of Exhumation of Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphic Rocks in Donghai, East China

Recent investigations reveal that the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic (UHPM) rocks in the Donghai region of East China underwent ductile and transitional ductile-brittle structural events during their exhumation. The earlier ductile deformation took place under the condition of amphibolite facies and the later transitional ductile-brittle deformation under the condition of greenschist facies. The hanging walls moved southeastward during both of these two events. The 40Ar/39Ar dating of muscovites from muscovite-plagioclase schists in the Haizhou phosphorous mine, which are structurally overlain by UHPM rocks, yields a plateau age of 218.0±2.9 Ma and isochron age of 219.8Ma, indicating that the earlier event of the ampibolite-facies deformation probably took place about 220 Ma ago. The 40Ar/39Ar dating of oriented amphiboles parallel to the movement direction of the hanging wall on a decollement plane yields a plateau age of 213.1±0.3 Ma and isochron age of 213.4±4.1 Ma, probably representing the age o     

1999—2008年巴彦诺尔公气象要素对水面蒸发影响的灰色关联分析

利用巴彦诺尔公基准气候站1999—2008年非冻结期(4—10月)E-601B大型蒸发器观测的蒸发量,以及同步观测的常规气象要素,采用灰色关联方法初步探讨温度、风速、日照时数、气压等气象要素对水面蒸发的影响程度。结果表明,气象要素对巴彦诺尔公地区蒸发量影响程度从大到小的排序依次为温度、日照时数、气压和风速。     

Assessment of global meteorological,hydrological and agricultural drought under future warming based on CMIP6

在全球变暖背景下,分析和预测干旱的变化趋势和传播规律对于区域生态环境安全和灾害管理具有重要意义.本文基于第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6),分析了SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5两种变暖情景下的气象(标准化降水指数SPI和标准化降水蒸发指数SPED,水文(标准化径流指数SRI)和农业(标准化土壤水分指数SSI)...     

Geochemical discriminations of sandstones from the Mohe Foreland basin,northeastern China: Tectonic setting and provenance

The Mohe region near the border area of China with Russia is in Heilongjiang Province. Topographically the area consists of lower mountains or hills situated at the northern end of the Da Hinggan Mountains. Struc-turally the Mohe basin rests on the north margin of the Ergun Block, and the Mongol-Okhotsk Orogen is lo-cated to the north of the basin. Due to poor access conditions and good vegetation coverage, previous researches on the basin are much weak with few spe-cial geological inves…     

Effectiveness of grass strips in trapping suspended sediments from runoff

Little information is available concerning the performance of grass strips for erosion control from steep cropland. An experiment was conducted on 5‐m‐long grass strips with slopes of 3°～15° that were subjected to silt laden runoff and simulated rainfall, to investigate the sediment trapping processes. The grass strips had three treatments including intact grass control (C), no litter (dead grass material covering the soil surface was removed) (NL), and no litter or leaves (only 2～3 cm grass stems and roots were reserved) (NLL). Generally the grass strips had a high effectiveness in trapping sediment from steep cropland runoff. Sediment trapping efficiency (STE) decreased with increasing slope gradient, and even for a 15° slope, STE was still more than 40%. Most sediment deposited in the backwater region before each grass strips. The removal of grass litter or/and leaves had no significant influence on STE. The sediment median size (D₅₀) in inflow was greater than that in outflow, and the difference (ΔD₅₀) decreased with increasing slope. A positive power relationship between STE and ΔD₅₀ can be obtained. Grass strips were more effective in trapping sediments coarser than 10 or 25 µm, but sediments finer than 1 µm were more readily removed from runoff than particles in the range of 2 to approximately 10 µm. Grass litter had less influence on flow velocity than leaves because the deposited sediment partially covered the litter layer. Mean flow velocity and its standard deviation were negatively correlated with STE, and they can help make good estimation of STE. Results from this study should be useful in planting and managing forage grass to effectively conserve soil loss by runoff from steep slopes on the Loess Plateau of China. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geochemical Features of the Hubin Spring Gases from the Northern Caldera Lake of the Tianchi Volcano,Changbai Mountains

This paper deals with geochemical features of gas emitted from the Hubin Springs.The Hubin Springs zone,a strong thermal emission zone,is are locatedd at the north edge of the Tianchi caldera lake.Very young deposits with uncertain eruption date are found on the top area of the Tianwenfeng,which might have been formed in one of the recent eruptions or the Millennium Eruption.It is of significance to study the geochemistry features of the emitting gas from the Hubin Springs to understand the activities of the Tianchi Volcano.This paper systematically sampled and analyzed the gases emitted from the Hubin Springs and discussed their geochemistry features.The results show that there is a high content of deep derived gases,such as CO2,He,CH4 and Ar in Hubin Springs zone.The isotopic ratio of He lies between 4.18 and 5.95 Ra.The averaged mantle derived gas content calculated from the 4He/20Ne ratio and He content reaches 67.1%.All these show that the Hubin Springs are located on a special belt of deep gases released in high intensity and large scale.The spatial distribution of Helium isotope is characterized by concavity,showing that this special area may be related to the volcanic edifice.It is highly possible that the released gases represent the residual gas samples of the latest eruptions from the Tianchi Volcano.However more detailed studies are demanded.