Shear wave splitting beneath South Kamchatka during the 3-year period associated with the 1997 Kronotsky Earthquake

Shear wave splitting measurements in South Kamchatka during the 3-year period (1996–1998) in which the Kronotsky Earthquake (M=7.7, December 5, 1997) occurred are used to determine anisotropic parameters of the subduction zone and shear wave splitting variations with time. The local small seismic events recorded at the Petropavlovskaya IRIS station (PET) were analyzed. The dominant azimuths of the fast shear wave polarizations for the 3-year period are defined within N95±15°E, which are consistent with the general Pacific Plate motion direction. Modeling of fast shear wave polarizations shows that HTI model with the symmetry axis oriented along N15°E±10° fit well the observed data for events the focal depths of which are less than 80 km. For the greater depths, the orthorhombic symmetry of medium is not excluded. The anisotropy coefficient increases generally with depth from 1–2% in the crust to 4–7.5% in the subducting plate. Variations in time delays show a general increase up to 10–15 ms/km during 1996–1997 before the large crustal earthquake series (M≈5.5–7) in the Avacha Bay and before the Kronotsky Earthquake. Analysis of fast S-wave azimuths of mantle events reveals a temporal cyclic variation. The most regular variations are observed for fast azimuths of deep events with a period of about 172 days over the 3-year period. The fast polarizations of crustal events behave comparatively stable. It is assumed that the major instabilities in stress state are localized in the descending slab and influenced the upper mantle and comparatively stable crust.     

硬石膏的高温相变和结构研究

本文研究了煅烧硬石膏的结构及硬石膏的高温相变。发现不同温度煅烧的硬石膏晶体结构及显微形态是相同的,仅存在不同程度的晶格畸变和晶粒尺寸的差异。硬石膏的高温相变是可逆相变,二者的转变温度略有差异。     

东坪金矿床上水泉花岗岩单颗粒锆石U—Pb年龄及其地质意义

本文对与东坪金矿有密切空间关系的上水泉花岗岩进行了单颗粒锆石U－Pb同位素定年,结果为135．5±0．4Ma,与东坪金矿的成矿年龄有几千万年的时差,表明该岩体与东坪金矿无成因联系,两者分别是不同地质作用的产物。研究结果对目前流行的把金矿与花岗岩密切的空间关系等同于成因联系的传统认识提出异议。     

EM 对稻田甲烷排放抑制作用的初步研究

该文主要讨论采用有效微生物菌剂（Effective Microorganisms）抑制稻田甲烷气体排放的试验结果。试验表明:第一年中抑制作用明显,平均在59%以上,并且使负通量（即稻田成为吸收大气中CH4的汇）的出现频率增加。这可能是EM中含有的光合细菌作用所致。试验还表明使用EM时可以取代化肥使产量增加。     

某工程大型地下厂房围岩损伤特征分析

依据现场工程岩体节理的统计分析，应用损伤力学的研究方法，计算地下厂房各个岩体结构分区的损伤张量，建立应用最大主损伤值评价工程岩体质量的分析模型并应用于实践。     

某水电站右坝肩边坡的网状张裂变形

勘探发现，某水电站右坝肩边坡，除正常卸荷裂隙外，发育有大量的夹泥型破裂带。为了揭示其成因、发展趋势及对工程建设的影响，作者进行了大量的调查和分析，本文拟对所获研究成果进行介绍。     

我国首次发现的银镍黄铁矿

我国的银镍黄铁矿产于广西融水县九毛锡矿区,粒度极细,反射率为25.9(470nm),34.8(546nm),35.8(589nm),39.7(650nm)。成分中含Ag 11.12—13.26％,Ni 19.06—23.07％,Fe 31.27—35.13％,Co 0.02—0.34％,Cu 微—4.70％,S 30.87—32.99％。     

Wittite with Se-rich Cosalite and Bismuthinite from Nevskoe Tin Deposit (Magadan District,Russia)

Summary A second confirmed occurrence of wittite, one of the four known Pb-Bi-Se-sulfosalts, has been found in the Nevskoe tin deposit (Eastern Siberia). Microprobe analyses of wittite show pronounced variation of Se content (from 9.5 to 16.5 wt. %), due to S --> Se substitution; Pb and Bi contents vary from 29 and 43%, up to 34 and 46%, respectively. Minor elements are also present: Sb up to 1.5%, Ag up to 1.3 %, and Cu (0 to 0.2%). Comparison of microprobe data of wittite from Nevskoe and Falun, on the one hand, and cannizzarite from different deposits on the other hand, indicate that Ag is incorporated in the wittite/cannizzarite structure through the substitution 2 Pb -> Bi + Ag. Conversely, Ag substraction gives a constant Bi/(Bi + Pb) atomic ratio, independent of the Se/(Se+"S) ratio, and close to 55.1%. Se-rich wittite is compositionally very close to proudite and weibullite. X-ray powder and electron microdiffraction patterns are given; the incommensurate structure agrees with the 7H/12Q match along , like in wittite from Falun. Nevskoe wittite is close to Pb₈Bi₁₀(S, Se)₂₃, but the 7H/12Q match requires the formula Pb_11.61Bi_14.26S₃₃, with about 3% of the Pb atoms in the Q layer replaced by Bi atoms and vacancies (p). Taking into account all microprobe data, the general formula developed is: Pb_{11.61–2x0.13}Ag_x(Bi_14.26+x-ySb_y)(S_1–zSe_z)₃₃ with x and y 0.86 at., and z 0.45. At Nevskoe, associated bismuthinite contains from 5 to 12% Se, with minor Sb, Pb and Cu. Se-rich cosalite contains from 4 to 8% Se, with Sb from 2.7 to 5.3%, and minor Ag and Cu. Wittite in contact with cosalite clearly shows a relative Se-enrichment, that could be due to the pseudo-hexagonal sub-lattice of this incommensurate structure, very similar to the Bi₂(Se, Te, S)3 sheet in the tetradymite series. According to microprobe data, there is a continuous change from Se-free cannizzarite to Se-rich wittite. Therefore, the validity of wittite as a specific mineral species appears questionable, and more accurate crystallographic studies on this incommensurate series are necessary.

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Wittite avec Cosalite et Bismuthinite Séléniferes du Gisement d'Etain de Hevskoe (District de Magadan, Russie)

Resume Une seconde occurrence de wittite, l'un des quatre sulfosels de Pb-Bi-Se cormus, a été trouvée daps le gisement d'étain de Nevskoe (Sibérie Orientale). Son analyse á la microsonde électronique montre une forte variation de la teneur en sélénium (de 9,5 á 16,5%), qui se substitue au soufre; les teneurs en Pb et Bi varient de 29 à 43 et 34 á 46%, respectivement. On note la présence de Sb (, 1,5%), Ag ( 1,3%) et Cu (< 0,2%). La comparaison des analyses de wittite de Nevskoe et Falun, et de cannizzarite de différents gisements, montre que Bans cette série l'argent est incorporé suivant la substitution 2 Pb Bi + Ag. Après soustraction de Ag, le rapport atornique Bi/(Bi + Pb) corrigé apparaït constant, proche de 55,1%, et indépendant du rapport Se/(S + Se). La wittite la plus riche en Se est chimiquement très proche de la proudite et de la weibullite. Son diagramme de poudre aux rayons X ainsi que son étude en microdiffraction électronique sont présentés; la structure, de type incommensurable, s'accorde aver un ajustement selon le rapport 7H/12Q suivant , comme dans la wittite de Falun. La formule de la wittite de Nevskoe est proche de Pb₈Bi₁₀(S, Se)₂₃, mais l'ajustement 7H/12Q demande la formule Pb_11.61Bi_14.26S₃₃, avec environ 3% des sites à Pb du feuillet Q remplacés par des atomes de Bi et des sites vacants (). La prise en compte de l'ensemble des analyses conduit á la formule développée générale: Pb_11.61-2x0.13Ag_x(Bi_14,26+x–ySb_y)-(S_{1 –z}Se_z)₃₃ avec x et y 0,86 at., et z 0,45. A Nevskoe, la bismuthinite associée contient de 5 à 12% Se, avec Sb, Pb et Cu mineurs. La cosalite contient de 4 a 8% Se, 2,7 á 5,3% Sb, avec Ag et Cu mineurs. Lá où wittite et cosalite sont en contact étroit, la wittite montre clairement un enrichissement relatif en Se, qui pourrait etre du au sousréseau pseudo-hexagonal de cette structure incommensurable, très proche du feuillet Bi₂(Se, Te, S)3 présent dans la série de la tétradymite. Les analyses à la microsonde indiquant une continuité chimique de la cannizzarite sans Se à la wittite 1a plus riche en Se, la validité de la wittite en tant qu'espéce spécifique apparaït discutable. Mais le caractère incommensurable de cette série demande une etude cristallographique plus détaillée.

     

Magnetic properties and neutron diffraction study of two manganese sulfosalts: monoclinic MnSb<Subscript>2</Subscript>S<Subscript>4</Subscript> and benavidesite (MnPb<Subscript>4</Subscript>Sb<Subscript>6</Subscript>S<Subscript>14</Subscript>)

Mn²⁺Sb₂S₄, a monoclinic dimorph of clerite, and benavidesite (Mn²⁺Pb₄Sb₆S₁₄) show well-individualized single chains of manganese atoms in octahedral coordination. Their magnetic structures are presented and compared with those of iron derivatives, berthierite (Fe²⁺Sb₂S₄) and jamesonite (Fe²⁺Pb₄Sb₆S₁₄). Within chains, interactions are antiferromagnetic. Like berthierite, MnSb₂S₄ shows a spiral magnetic structure with an incommensurate 1D propagation vector [0, 0.369, 0], unchanged with temperature. In berthierite, the interactions between identical chains are antiferromagnetic, whereas in MnSb₂S₄ interactions between chains are ferromagnetic along c-axis. Below 6 K, jamesonite and benavidesite have commensurate magnetic structures with the same propagation vector [0.5, 0, 0]: jamesonite is a canted ferromagnet and iron magnetic moments are mainly oriented along the a-axis, whereas for benavidesite, no angle of canting is detected, and manganese magnetic moments are oriented along b-axis. Below 30 K, for both compounds, one-dimensional magnetic ordering or correlations are visible in the neutron diagrams and persist down to 1.4 K.     

Underestimation of roughness in rough rock joints

Numerous studies have been made to improve Barton's shear strength model for the quantification of rock joints. However, in these previous studies, the roughness and shear strength of the rock joint have been underestimated especially for relatively high undulated profiles (joint roughness coefficient (JRC) >14). The main factors of roughness underestimation in rough rock joints are investigated for the proper quantification of rock joint roughness. The aliasing effect and the roughness characteristics are analyzed by using artificial joint profiles and natural rock joint profiles. A 3D camera scanner is adopted to verify the main source of underestimation when using conventional measurement methods. Shear strength tests are carried out by using two types of shear apparatus to study the roughness mobilization characteristics, which may also affect the roughness underestimation. The results of joint roughness assessment, such as aliasing and undulation of waviness, show that the roughness can be underestimated in relatively rough joint profiles (JRC>14). At least two components of roughness parameters are needed to properly represent the joint roughness, for example, the amplitude and the inclination angle of joint asperity. Roughness mobilization is affected by both the normal stress and the asperity scale. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.