Soil water dynamics and water balance on a tropical coral island

Understanding soil water dynamics and the water balance of tropical coral islands is important for the utilization and management of their limited freshwater resources, which is only from rainfall. However, there is a significant knowledge gap in the influence of soil water on the water cycle of coral islands. Soil water dynamics and the water balance of Zhaoshu Island, Xisha Archipelago were thus investigated using soil moisture measurements and the Hydrus-1D model from October 2018 to September 2019. Over the study period, vegetation transpiration, soil evaporation, groundwater recharge and storage in the vadose zone were approximately 196, 330, 365 and 20 mm, occupying 22%, 36%, 40% and 2% of annual rainfall total (911 mm), respectively. For the wet season (from May to October) these values became 75, 202, 455 and 40 mm, occupying 10%, 26% and 59% and 5% of the seasonal rainfall total (772 mm), respectively. During the dry season (from November to April), a dry soil layer between 40 and 120 cm depth of the soil profile was identified that prevented water exchange between the upper soil layers and the groundwater resulting in the development of deep roots so that vegetation could extract groundwater to supplement their water requirements. Vegetation not only consumes all dry season rainfall (140 mm) but extracts water deeply from groundwater (90 mm) as well as from the vadose layer (20 mm). As such, the vegetation appears to be groundwater-dependent ecosystems. The research results aid us to better understand the process of water dynamics on coral islands and to protect coral island ecosystems.     

Estimating and mapping snow hazard based on at-site analysis and regional approaches

The estimation of snow hazard and load faces the small sample size effect because of the short snow depth record at a station. To reduce such an effect, we propose to estimate the return period value of the annual maximum ground snow depth S, s_T, for Canada sites by applying the regional frequency analysis (RFA) and the region of influence approach (ROIA). The use of RFA and ROIA to map Canadian snow hazard is new. The comparison of their performance for snow hazard mapping has not been explored in the literature. We also consider the at-site analysis approach (ASA) for estimating s_T by using three often used probability distributions for S. A comparison of the estimated s_T by using the three approaches (ASA, RFA, ROIA) indicates that there is considerable scatter between the estimated s_T value although the identified overall spatial trends of s_T are similar. It is shown that the two-parameter lognormal distribution for S at most Canadian sites, based on the at-site analysis, is preferred; this differs from the Gumbel distribution used to develop the design snow load in Canadian structural design code. The new findings indicate that it is valuable to consider the lognormal distribution for developing design snow load for Canadian sites.

     

南京市溧水区表层土壤锗地球化学特征及影响因素

锗(Ge)是一种生命所必需的微量元素,对人体具有广泛的保健功效。富Ge土壤具有广阔的开发利用价值,但目前我国对土壤Ge的研究程度相对较低。选择南京市溧水区为研究区,在土地质量地球化学调查的基础上,对研究区表层土壤Ge的含量及空间分布特征进行研究,分析地质背景对土壤Ge分布的影响。结果表明,南京市溧水区表层土壤Ge平均含量为1.40 mg/kg,土壤Ge含量主要受控于地质背景,空间分布也与地质背景高度吻合。土壤Ge含量高值区主要为侏罗系大王山组出露区,岩性主要以粗安质、安山质火山岩为主,第四系沉积物分布区土壤Ge含量相对较低。土壤中Ge含量与pH值关系不显著,与土壤中有机质含量呈一定的负相关关系,与Cr、Co、Ni、As呈明显的正相关关系。土地质量地球化学评价结果表明研究区土壤Ge丰富的面积为84.18 km²,占全区总面积的10.84%,全区基本没有Ge缺乏的地区。研究探讨了南京市溧水区表层土壤锗含量、空间分布特征及其影响因素等,可为我国土壤锗的生态地球化学研究提供基础资料,对于富锗土壤资源的科学开发利用具有指导意义。     

田阳三化螟蛾盛发高峰初日气象预警模型

三化螟为水稻主要害虫之一,单食水稻,在田阳一年发生完全4个世代,开展各世代螟蛾盛发高峰期气象预警,对科学适时防螟灭虫,虫口夺粮意义重大。利用农业植保部门提供的三化螟蛾盛发高峰期虫情资料和气象部门气象观测同期资料,采用逐步回归方法,建立三化螟蛾盛发高峰初日气象预警模型。结果表明:各世代预警模型输出的盛发高峰初日与实况误差3天的拟合正确率为82.2%～92.9%。试报2015—2016年,第1世代预报与实况误差为3天,第2代至第4世代误差为1～2天。三化螟蛾盛发高峰初日气象预警模型的拟合正确率、试报结果误差范围比较理想,可投入日常业务应用。     

黑龙江省土壤冻融期气象要素变化特征

黑龙江省春季土壤冻融剧烈,土壤湿度和温度受土壤冻融影响较大,利用黑龙江省64个气象观测站1961—2018年的逐日最高气温、最低气温、平均气温、降水量、地温资料及34个农气观测站人工观测的1981—2018年的土壤湿度资料,分析土壤冻结期间的气象要素变化,研究春季土壤冻融过程中湿度和温度的变化。结果表明：土壤冻结期从北向南缩短,且逐年缩短,冻结期平均气温从北向南升高,逐年上升,降水量西部少、东部和北部多,逐年增加;春季冻融次数平原少、山区多,逐年减少。春季融雪开始日期由北向南提前,并且呈现逐年提前的趋势,融雪期升温速率北部、东部低,中部、南部高;在春季冻融过程中,土壤湿度随着土壤深度的增加而增多,东部土壤湿度受土壤融冻影响最大;在整个冬季土壤冻结期间,北部、中部及东部土壤湿度是增加的,且随着土壤深度的增加,土壤湿度增加的越多,而西部土壤湿度是减少的,且随着土壤深度的增加,土壤湿度减少的越少;春季土壤冻融期间,0 cm平均地温全省平均在-17.3~22.1 ℃之间,南部与全省变化趋势基本一致,升温趋势明显,而北部升温速度明显慢于南部。     

环境要素与连云港海域赤潮发生关系研究

根据2004—2013年连云港海域赤潮事件记录和赤潮监控区监测数据,采用相关性分析等数理统计方法,对连云港海域赤潮特征及其与环境要素的关联性进行研究。结果表明,5—10月为连云港海域赤潮频发时段,每次过程持续大多在3—7天之间;赤潮发生前三日叶绿素a、溶解氧、海温、化学需氧量和p H等要素与赤潮发生表征指标浮游植物总量相关性显著;在赤潮发生发展消亡过程中,海温、叶绿素a、溶解氧和p H均呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,化学需氧量则表现为相反变化态势;赤潮发生前期和发展维持阶段,以东到东南向风为主,风速较小,赤潮消亡前夕,常伴随偏西大风过程。     

广西向阳坪铀矿“打滑”地层绳索取心钻进存在问题与对策

通过绳索取心钻进金刚石钻头选型试验,介绍了广西资源县向阳坪铀矿区“打滑”地层中绳索取心钻进存在的问题及采取的技术措施。     

Satellite kinematics – II. The halo mass–luminosity relation of central galaxies in SDSS

The kinematics of satellite galaxies reflect the masses of the extended dark matter haloes in which they orbit, and thus shed light on the mass–luminosity relation (MLR) of their corresponding central galaxies. In this paper, we select a large sample of centrals and satellites from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and measure the kinematics (velocity dispersions) of the satellite galaxies as a function of the r -band luminosity of the central galaxies. Using the analytical framework presented in More, van den Bosch & Cacciato, we use these data to infer both the mean and the scatter of the MLR of central galaxies, carefully taking account of selection effects and biases introduced by the stacking procedure. As expected, brighter centrals on average reside in more massive haloes. In addition, we find that the scatter in halo masses for centrals of a given luminosity,  σ_{log  M}   , also increases with increasing luminosity. As we demonstrate, this is consistent with  σ_{log  L}   , which reflects the scatter in the conditional probability function   P ( L _c| M )  , being independent of halo mass. Our analysis of the satellite kinematics yields  σ_{log  L} = 0.16  ±  0.04  , in excellent agreement with constraints from clustering and group catalogues, and with predictions from a semi-analytical model of galaxy formation. We thus conclude that the amount of stochasticity in galaxy formation, which is characterized by  σ_{log  L}   , is well constrained, independent of halo mass and in a good agreement with current models of galaxy formation.     

The correlation of star formation quenching with internal galaxy properties and environment

We investigate the correlation of star formation quenching with internal galaxy properties and large-scale environment (halo mass) in empirical data and theoretical models. We make use of the halo-based group catalogue of Yang and collaborators, which is based on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Data from the Galaxy evolution explorer are also used to extract the recent star formation rate. In order to investigate the environmental effects, we examine the properties of 'central' and 'satellite' galaxies separately. For central galaxies, we are unable to conclude whether star formation quenching is primarily connected with halo mass or stellar mass, because these two quantities are themselves strongly correlated. For satellite galaxies, a nearly equally strong dependence on halo mass and stellar mass is seen. We make the same comparison for five different semi-analytic models based on three independently developed codes. We find that the models with active galactic nuclei feedback reproduce reasonably well the dependence of the fraction of central red and passive galaxies on halo mass and stellar mass. However, for satellite galaxies, the same models badly overproduce the fraction of red/passive galaxies and do not reproduce the empirical trends with stellar mass or halo mass. This satellite overquenching problem is caused by the too-rapid stripping of the satellites' hot gas haloes, which leads to rapid strangulation of star formation.     

都安一次特大暴雨过程卫星和雷达图像特征分析

利用彩色增强显示的卫星云图、雷达和自动气象站资料对2010年5月31日22时至6月1日11时都安县出现的特大暴雨进行分析,发现这次暴雨过程由2个强降雨阶段组成,造成都安县特大暴雨的原因是1个形成于滇黔桂交界处的低涡在南移过程中,低涡东边缘对流强烈发展,对流云团主体移过都安而产生了强降雨,对应着这2个强降雨阶段,在卫星云图上分析出是由2个对流云团前后移过所造成的,在雷达回波图上可分析出对流云团中又先后有多个对流单体移过都安县上空,所以造成了这次特大暴雨过程