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61.
Calcite was synthesized by four methods, and the luminescence decay-time was measured for nine samples before and after heating
hydrothermally in the temperature range 200–400°C. Decay-time data were collected between room temperature and approximately
15 K. The decay time at room temperature is approximately 50 ms, with little difference between a given calcite before and
after hydrothermal treatment. The decay time at 15 K is always greater than at room temperature as the effect of thermal quenching
diminishes. Differences in decay time before and after heating are more apparent at low temperature owing to this reduction
in thermal quenching. The decay time decreased significantly in two samples, and an increase in decay time was observed in
the remaining seven samples following heating. Among the latter group, the change in decay time was insignificant in three
samples. The results are compared with previous data in which it was shown that the effect of heating is to increase the intensity
of luminescence. 相似文献
62.
M. Julleh Jalalur Rahman Rumana Yeasmin Tom McCann 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2016,88(6):705-710
Mineralogical and chemical investigations (<2μm clay separates) of shale samples from the Neogene-age Surma Group obtained from four wells (Habiganj-11, Shahbazpur-1, Titas-11, Titas-15) in the Bengal basin, Bangladesh, were carried out in order to reveal the clay mineral composition as reservoir exploration and exploitation requires a good understanding of the clay minerals. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Mineralogically, the sub-surface Surma Group shales comprise predominantly quartz, plagioclase, illite, chlorite, kaolinite, with lesser amounts of K-feldspar, dolomite and smectite, and minor to trace amounts of calcite, siderite and pyrite. The chemical composition of the <2 μm clay separates also suggests an illite and chlorite-rich composition. With increasing burial depth, the Surma Group shales are enriched in illite. The gradual decreasing of the smectite clays with depth and ultimate disappearance at greater depths (≥ 3000 m) may have been responsible for the presence of the diagenetic illite. Based on the mineralogical composition it is most likely that the illite-chlorite associations together with quartz and feldspar were predominantly detrital in origin and thus reflect the presence of a rapidly-rising source terrain not subjected to intense weathering. 相似文献
63.
Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography 总被引:62,自引:0,他引:62
Michael F. Goodchild 《GeoJournal》2007,69(4):211-221
In recent months there has been an explosion of interest in using the Web to create, assemble, and disseminate geographic information provided voluntarily by individuals. Sites such as Wikimapia and OpenStreetMap are empowering citizens to create a global patchwork of geographic information, while Google Earth and other virtual globes are encouraging volunteers to develop interesting applications using their own data. I review this phenomenon, and examine associated issues: what drives people to do this, how accurate are the results, will they threaten individual privacy, and how can they augment more conventional sources? I compare this new phenomenon to more traditional citizen science and the role of the amateur in geographic observation. 相似文献
64.
François Farges 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2009,36(8):463-481
Cr K-edge XANES spectra were obtained for a variety of Cr-bearing model compounds containing Cr(II), Cr(III), Cr(IV), Cr(V) and Cr(VI), in which the Cr-site symmetry is D4h, Oh and Td. The centroid position of the pre-edge feature is a better indicator of the Cr valence than the edge position. In Cr-rich oxides, higher-energy transitions must be excluded in order to refine a robust valence for Cr. The pre-edge for chromates is not unique and varies as a function of the CrO4 2? moiety distortion, which is often related to Cr-polymerization (monochromate vs. dichromate). Both the analogy with the Mn K-pre-edge information and ab initio FEFF calculations of the pre-edge feature for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) confirm the experimental trends. This methodology is applied to the Cr K-edge pre-edge feature collected in gems (emerald, spinel and ruby), the layered minerals fuchsite and kämmererite, two Cr-bearing aqueous solutions and a set of sodo-calcic silicate glasses used for bottling sparkling white wine. In emerald and fuchsite, the Cr-site is differently distorted than its ruby or spinel counterpart. In a Cr(III)-bearing aqueous solution and sodo-calcic glass, no evidence for Cr(III) with Td and C3v symmetry is detected. However, minor amounts of chromate moieties (most likely monomeric) are detected in a glass synthesized in air. Preliminary spectra for the wine bottle glass suggest that only trace amounts of chromates might possibly be present in these glasses. 相似文献
65.
Intrusion and its implication for subsidence: A case from the Baiyun Sag, on the northern margin of the South China Sea 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
We develop a series of simple numerical models to explain the anomalous subsidence and deposition phenomena on the northern continental margin of the South China Sea, in particular in the Baiyun Sag. The results suggest that a short-period high rate deposition of around 17 Ma is related to a rapid subsidence event, which may be due to episodic emplacement of a dense intrusion. Necking and gravity models indicate that in the basement of the Baiyun Sag, there is a dense zone that is 100–200 kg/m3 more dense than the surrounding country rock. Considering its high magnetic intensity and regional igneous activity, the dense zone is thought to be related to a phase of basalt intrusion that may have taken place around 17 Ma. Thermal and subsidence models indicate that a hot denser intrusion can cause significant subsidence immediately after the intrusion. The subsidence rate then slows down with cooling, thus becoming consistent with the observed subsidence curves at around 17 Ma. The results also indicate that the lithospheric strength under the Baiyun Sag is negligible, and that the high-velocity layer in the lowermost crust may be not an original part of the pre-rift crust. Instead, it is thought to be underplated intrusion emplaced at around 30 Ma when the continental margin broke up. 相似文献
66.
Despite a recent increase in the number of vulnerability analyses there has been relatively little discussion of vulnerability
assessment of social–environment system, especially when they face multiple hazards. In this study, we developed an applicable
and convenient method to assess vulnerability of social–environment system at a regional scale. Vulnerability is quantified
by measuring three critical elements (i.e. hazards, sensitivity, and resilience) through some key variables. The results showed
that vulnerability is high in Miaofeng Mountain in Mengtougou District, the hills of Pinggu County and the riparian zones
of the lower courses of the Beiyun and Yongding Rivers; but low in the city of Beijing and the southwestern part of the Fangshan
District. Areas of very high, high, medium, and low-vulnerability account for 6.19, 25.48, 33.06, and 35.27% of the total
area, respectively. The degree of vulnerability decreases in a northwest direction in mountainous areas and declines from
watercourses to riparian zones along a lateral direction in the plain. Some adaptive strategies are also proposed. 相似文献
67.
义敦印支岛弧褶皱带地质构造演化复杂,岩浆活动十分活跃,成矿地质地球化学条件优越,金、银、铜、铅、锌、锡等金属矿产资源丰富。西南三江为有色、贵金属资源富集区,义敦为花岗岩型锡-银多金属矿集区。根据区域成矿环境及研究区成矿条件分析,找矿潜力巨大,有望取得找矿突破。 相似文献
68.
Mark Anglin Harris 《Environmental Geology》2009,56(8):1517-1522
Several years (7) after incidental lithification by added gypsum, the effect of crushing and phyto-organics on some physical
properties of red mud wastes (RMW) was examined under laboratory conditions. It was hypothesized that mechanically breaking
up the hardened masses would increase their permeability. However, on the contrary, crushing these rock-hard masses into <2-mm
particles did not increase permeability. A phyto-organic treatment on the other hand greatly improved permeability of the
crushed entities such that infiltration rates increased from 0 to 10 cm/h. After 24 weeks of incubation, the structure of
the newly formed phyto-organically treated gypsum-hardened RMW aggregates was also substantially improved over that of the
controls, as a >3-fold increase in resistance to disintegration during wet sieving was exhibited by the phyto-organically
treated samples. The increase in water infiltration by combining crushing with phyto-organic applications was ascribed to
a decrease in particle dispersion, creating more stable clay clusters, which in turn stabilized channels and pores. Conversely,
it was concluded that the singular crushing of gypsum-hardened bauxite waste in the waste dumps is potentially wasteful and
ineffective. 相似文献
69.
70.
Bristen granite is a body of fine-grained leucogranite occurring in the Gotthard rail base tunnel in the Central Alps. During construction of the tunnel, Bristen granite (Brgr) has been drilled along a 600 m long section. The aplite-granite belongs to the suite of Variscan granitoid intrusions of the Aar massif and contains a variety of accessory minerals typical of highly differentiated granites. Rock forming fluorite, partly enriched in yttrium (Y) and rare earth elements (REE), is intergrown with the late Y- and REE-bearing carbonate mineral synchysite. The granite contains a variety of Ti- and Y-REE-niobates, thorite, and zircon. Compared with the calc-alkaline central Aar granite (cAgr), Bristen granite is strongly depleted in Ti, P, Mg, Sr, and Ba and shows a remarkable enrichment in incompatible elements such as Rb, Th, U, Nb, Y, HREE and F. Bristen granite is the most evolved granitoid rock of the Aar massif. The composition of Brgr is typical of post-collisional reduced (ferroan) A-type granites. The Brgr melt formed in the lower crust and crystallized from a highly differentiated melt at the cotectic point in the quartz-feldspar system close to 100 MPa and 700 °C. The Brgr intruded as a small isolated stock pre-Variscan gneisses with sharply discordant contacts. The primary igneous host of Nb, Ta, Y, U, Th and REE is biotite in addition to minor amounts of allanite, and zircon. The presence of Y-REE-fluorite, synchysite, parisite and Y- and Ti-niobates and other REE-minerals can be related to reaction of igneous biotite and primary fluorite with hydrothermal fluids. The reaction is associated with alpine metamorphism, because Y-bearing fluorite and synchysite have been reported from Alpine fissures. The transformation of primary biotite to chlorite and muscovite released the heavy metal oxides under lower greenschist facies conditions that formed the Alpine diagnostic mineral stilpnomelane at about 300 °C. 相似文献