基于正交匹配小波算法的台风云系提取研究

西北太平洋是世界上台风发生频率最高、强度最强的一个海区,因此对西北太平洋台风的发生发展进行相关的分析研究是很有意义的。论文中利用静止卫星观测数据,进行了滤波、去噪等预处理,及综合优化的云检测处理;在此基础上,利用改进的正交匹配小波算法,实现了西北太平洋地区台风云系特征的提取。运用该算法提取出的台风云系特征参数简单,与其他算法比较,尽管提取精度有待改进,但是用于台风的监测预警可提高效率,适用于台风预报预警监测的业务化应用。     

Characteristics of earthquake-triggered landslides and post-earthquake debris flows in Beichuan County

Field investigations and aerial photography after the earthquake of May 12,2008 show a large number of geo-hazards in the zone of extreme earthquake effects.In particular,landslides and debris flows,the geo-hazards that most threaten post-disaster reconstruction,are widely distributed.We describe the characteristics of these geo-hazards in Beichuan County using high-resolution remote sensing of landslide distribution,and the relationships between the area and volume of landslides and the peak-discharges of debris flows both pre-and post-earthquake.The results show:1) The concentration(defined as the number of landslide sources per unit area:Lc) of earthquaketriggered landslides is inversely correlated with distance from the earthquake(DF) fault.The relationship is described by the following equation:Lc = 3.2264exp(-0.0831DF)(R2 = 0.9246);2) 87 % of the earthquake-triggered landslides were less than 15×104 m2 in area,and these accounted only for 50% of the total area;84% of the landslide volumes were less than 60×104 m3,and these accounted only for 50% of the total volume.The probability densities of the area and volume distributions are correlated:landslide abundance increases with landslide area and volume up to maximum values of 5 × 104 m2 and 30 × 104 m3,respectively,and then decreases exponentially.3) The area(AL) and volume(VL) of earthquake-triggered landslides are correlated as described with the following equation:VL=6.5138AL1.0227(R2 = 0.9131);4) Characteristics of the debris flows changed after the earthquake because of the large amount of landslide material deposited in the gullies.Consequently,debris flow peak-discharge increased following the earthquake as described with the following equation:Vpost = 0.8421Vpre1.0972(R2 = 0.9821)(Vpre is the peak discharge of pre-earthquake flows and the Vpost is the peak discharge of post-earthquake flows).We obtained the distribution of the landslides based on the above analyses,as well as the magnitude of both the landslides and the post-earthquake debris flows.The results can be useful for guiding post-disaster reconstruction and recovery efforts,and for the future mitigation of these geo-hazards.However,the equations presented are not recommended for use in site-specific designs.Rather,we recommend their use for mapping regional seismic landslide hazards or for the preliminary,rapid screening of sites.     

The White-Light Limb Flare of 16 August 1989 and its Chromospheric Counterpart

After carefully comparing the white-light (5600±00 Å) and the slit-jaw H images (0.5 Å  passband) of the 2N/X20 white-light flare of 16 August 1989, we found that the H counterpart identification of the bright kernels in continuum by Hiei, Nakagomi, and Takuma (1992) was incorrect. Now we come to the conclusion that none of the two white-light kernels has a corresponding bright H area. Moreover, the loop shapes in white-light are also different from those in H. H loops rose more rapidly than white-light loops. However, their height–time variations on the whole are similar. This indicates that the continuum and chromospheric emissions of the flare presumably come from different plasmas, but may be modulated by some mutual factors, such as large-scale magnetic fields. Analysis of the Hei 10830 Å spectra taken simultaneously with the slit-jaw H images shows that the line-center intensity of Hei 10830 Å doesn't have a good correlation with the intensity of nearby continuum, which supports the above conclusions. In addition, the electron density at the white-light loop top estimated from the continuum around 5600 Å  and 10830 Å  is as high as 10¹²–10¹³ cm^–3.     

Multi-Wavelength Observation Results of the C5.6 Limb Flare of 1 August 2003

We obtained a complete set of H, Ca 8542 and He I 10830 spectra and slit-jaw H images of the C5.6 limb flare of 1 August 2003 using the Multi-channel Infrared Solar Spectrograph (MISS) at Purple Mountain Observatory. This flare was also observed by the Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) and partially by the Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) on SOHO. This flare underwent a rapid rising and expanding episode in the impulsive phase. All the H, Ca 8542 and He I 10830 profiles of the flare are rather wide and the widest profiles were observed in the middle bright part of the flare instead of at the flare loop top near the flare maximum. The flare manifested obvious rotation in the flare loop and the decrease of the rotation angular speed with time at the loop-top may imply a de-twisting process of the magnetic field. The significant increases of the Doppler widths of these lines in the impulsive phase reflect quick heating of the chromosphere, and rapid rising and expanding of the flare loop. The RHESSI observations give a thermal energy spectrum for this flare, and two thermal sources and no non-thermal source are found in the reconstructed RHESSI images. This presumably indicates that the energy transfer in this flare is mainly by heat conduction. The stronger thermal source is located near the solar limb with its position unchanged in the flare process and spatially coincident with the intense EUV and H emissions. The weaker one moved during the flare process and is located in the H dark cavities. This flare may support the theory of the magnetic reconnections in the lower solar atmosphere.     

Nb/Ta variations of mafic volcanics on the Archean- Proterozoic boundary: Implications for the Nb/Ta imbalance

Hofmann[1] found that the depleted mantle (DM) and bulk continental crust (BCC) are simply compen-satory in terms of many elements and elemental ratios. High-field-strength elements (HFSE) (e.g., Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta and Ti) are immobile and thus useful to track the primary features of the ancient mafic volcanics. It has been long considered that Nb-Ta behave as identical twins during magmatic processes, based on their matching atomic radii and valence state and hence coherent geochemical affi…     

Multi-Wavelength Observation of the 3n/x3.3 Flare of 28 November 1998

The 3N/X3.3 flare of 28 November 1998 was observed in multiple wavelength simultaneously. The available data include H images, spectra in Hei 1083 nm and Caii 854.2 nm from Purple Mountain Observatory (PMO), soft X-ray (SXR) and hard X-ray (HXR) images and flux from Yohkoh. Morphological relationship investigation and spectral analysis of these data show: (1) The sudden brightening at loop top above the active region and the steep increase of SXR flux before flare onset suggest that the corona there had already been heated to some extent in the preflare phase. (2) The scales of the Caii 854.2 nm emission areas are very similar to those of the H line, but the emission profiles look like those of the Caii K line. Most of the Hei 1083 nm emissions exist in the bright H kernels and can last to the decay phase. (3) Flare spectra show that line shift and asymmetry are very common in this flare not only in the impulsive phase but also in the decay phase. The difference in the line shifts or asymmetry between Caii 854.2 nm and Hei 1083 nm, as well as the difference between the line center and wings of Caii 854.2 nm imply the existence of a velocity gradient in the line-of-sight direction. (4) Post-flare loops with very deep absorption (70%) and very-high-velocity red shifts (30–90 km s^–1) were observed in Hei 1083 nm during the decay phase. However, only a slight dip can be found in the Caii 854.2 nm profile.     

中国包容性绿色效率时空格局与溢出效应分析

包容性绿色发展旨在保障经济持续增长的同时促进社会公平和资源环境改善,是建设生态文明、保障和改善民生的必然选择。论文基于包容性绿色效率评价体系,采用考虑非期望产出的Super-EBM模型综合测度了中国省域包容性绿色效率,刻画了时空格局特征,最后采用空间杜宾模型识别了空间溢出效应与影响因素。研究表明：① 2000—2017年包容性绿色综合效率与规模效率呈缓慢波动上升趋势,纯技术效率呈先下降后上升的“V”型演变,综合效率的提升由规模效应驱动向技术驱动转变。② 包容性绿色效率空间格局由低水平均衡向高水平不均衡演进,高值区集中于“胡焕庸线”向东一侧,低值区以西北、西南和东北地区为主,综合效率与纯技术效率形成京津、长三角和珠三角3个高水平集聚区,规模效率的高水平区呈“H”型分布特征。③ 包容性绿色效率的同类型地区存在空间集聚特征,且空间集聚性不断增强,热点区呈向东北移动的趋势且逐渐稳定于长三角地区,次热点以京津、珠三角地区为主,西北、西南和东北基本为冷点区。④ 包容性绿色综合效率及其分解效率存在正向空间溢出效应,经济发展水平、产业结构、工业化、政府行政能力、财政分权、环境规制、科技创新及市场化对包容性绿色效率具有显著影响,其中政府行政能力、财政分权、环境规制、科技创新和市场化具有一定溢出效应。     

Preface

正This special issue of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters(AOSL)is to commemorate the establishment of the Young Scientists Laboratory(YSL)at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP)under the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).YSL was set-up in 7 June 2012 on the initiative of Prof.Huijun WANG,the chief of IAP/CAS.20 young scientists under 40 years old from individual laboratory or research center at IAP were selected as the members of the first term.In June 2013,11 new members were co-opted onto the board.As the representatives of active and excellent young scientists in IAP/CAS,YSL members have published impressive numbers of scientific papers in high-qualified international journals,received many national awards and honors,and been funded by many grand projects.     

基于集合经验模态分解的新疆地区温度场预测评估

综合运用经验正交分解法(EOF),集合经验模态分解(EEMD)和最小二乘支持向量机（LS SVM）,构建新疆地区候平均温度距平场预测模型。采用EEMD分别对经过EOF分解得到的前3个模态的时间系数进行分解,对分解得到的结果运用最小二乘支持向量机进行预测并重构得到了各个时间系数的预测结果,将时间系数预测的结果与空间场重构得到了候平均温度距平场的计算结果,在候平均的基础上计算得到了旬平均的结果,在旬平均的基础上计算得到了月平均的结果。通过采用距平相关系数(ACC〖WTBZ〗),预报技巧(SS)〖WTBZ〗和同号率对结果进行评估显示,对于候平均预测,其在前20候内的预测较为理想,平均ACC〖WTBZ〗达到了0.32,平均SS〖WTBZ〗达到了0.70,平均同号率达到了0.80。对于旬平均的预测,其在前10旬内较为理想,10旬以内平均ACC〖WTBZ〗达到了0.50,平均SS〖WTBZ〗达到了0.50,平均同号率达到了0.50。对于月平均的预测,3个月的预测平均ACC〖WTBZ〗达到了0.50,平均SS〖WTBZ〗达到了0.50,平均同号率达到了0.80。3个月内的短期气候预测具有较高的水平。     

新疆主要旅游城市舒适度分析

选用新疆16个主要旅游城市1961-2012年的逐日平均气温和水汽压等资料,根据饱和水汽压与温度的关系计算出在不同温度下的相对湿度,以学者Terjung WH [1]提出的舒适度指数和四川省地方标准规定的9个等级划分方法为基础,根据新疆地区独特的的气候特点,对舒适度指数的区段进行重新划分,计算出各个地区的舒适度指数;其次,分析各个地区各年各月的舒适度变化规律,得出如下结果：（1）新疆主要城市的气候舒适度大小在25～75之间,与新疆的气候条件比较吻合;（2）乌鲁木齐1-3月和11-12月比较寒冷,基于温湿指数旅游舒适度指数较低,夏季5-9月凉爽舒适,适宜旅游;（3）吐鲁番以南的城市,适宜旅游的时间多出现在春季的4-5月以及秋季的9-10月,舒适度指数高,有利于发展旅游业;1-2月和12月天气冷或偏冷、6-8月天气炎热,旅游舒适度指数相对较低。吐鲁番5-8月舒适天数虽然相对较少,但是以酷热火焰山著称,也易发展旅游业。（4）南疆地区适宜旅游的时间是4-10月,1-2月和12月天气寒冷又干燥,基于温度湿度的旅游舒适度指数较低。（5）16座城市的舒适度比较高的时间集中在4、5、9、10月;（6）新疆的舒适天数正在逐年增加,不舒适天数正在逐年减少;（7）将16个城市舒适度指数的月变化用饼状图标注在新疆地图上,为希望到新疆游玩的旅客提供了时间和地点的选择依据。