2003-2016年北极净初级生产力时空变化

The area of Arctic sea ice has dramatically decreased, and the length of the open water season has increased;these patterns have been observed by satellite remote sensing since the 1970 s. In this paper, we calculate the net primary productivity(NPP, calculated by carbon) from 2003 to 2016 based on sea ice concentration products,chlorophyll a(Chl a) concentration, photosynthetically active radiation(PAR), sea surface temperature(SST), and sunshine duration data. We then analyse the spatiotemporal changes in the Chl a concentration and NPP and further investigate the relations among NPP, the open water area, and the length of the open water season. The results indicate that(1) the Chl a concentration increased by 0.025 mg/m~3 per year;(2) the NPP increased by 4.29 mg/(m~2·d) per year, reaching a maximum of 525.74 mg/(m~2·d) in 2016; and(3) the Arctic open water area increased by 57.23×10~3 km~2/a, with a growth rate of 1.53 d/a for the length of the open water season. The annual NPP was significantly positively related to the open water area, the length of the open water season and the SST.The daily NPP was also found to have a lag correlation with the open water area, with a lag time of two months.With global warming, NPP has maintained an increasing trend, with the most significant increase occurring in the Kara Sea. In summary, this study provides a macroscopic understanding of the distribution of phytoplankton in the Arctic, which is valuable information for the evaluation and management of marine ecological environments.     

CCD astrometric observations of 2017 VR12, Camillo and Midas

We have observed three near-Earth objects(NEOs), 2017 VR12, Camillo and Midas, during 2018.The observations were made with the 1-m telescope, operated by Yunnan Observatories, over two nights.Their precise astrometric positions are derived from 989 CCD observations. The theoretical positions of asteroids are retrieved from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory(JPL) Horizons System and Institut de M′ecanique C′eleste et de Calcul des ′Eph′em′erides(IMCCE). The positions of three asteroids are measured with respect to stars in the Gaia DR2 star catalog. For 2017 VR12, the means(O-C) of right ascension and declination are -0.090′′and-0.623′′respectively based on the published JPL ephemeris, but the corresponding means(O-C) are 3.122′′and-0.636′′based on the published IMCCE ephemeris. The great difference in declination could be explained by several factors.(1) The degraded CCD images caused by the fast apparent motion of the objects lead to a reduction in positioning accuracy.(2) The poor timing system may introduce systematic errors, especially in the high speed direction.(3) The asteroid may be perturbed by Earth when it approaches the Earth too closely. These astrometric results demonstrate that the centroid centering method can reduce the dispersion of non-Gaussian images as compared with the PSF modeling method.For Camillo and Midas, the astrometric results are consistent based on the two ephemerides. Implementing a high-precision timing system, and analyzing some astronomical effects and geometric distortions in CCD images should be carefully considered in future works.     

基于GIS的武汉市公共信息服务系统的研制

介绍了武汉市公共服务系统项目研制的目的——通过网络电子地图、触摸屏电子地图、光盘电子地图搭建公共服务系统平台,服务于公众。阐述了系统的内容,并着重分析了系统功能实现中数据库和功能模块的设计。     

南水北调西线工程泥石流灾害及危险区划

南水北调西线工程是拟议中的国家重大建设工程,通过"五坝七洞一渠"共计260km的引水线路,引长江上游雅砻江和大渡河水入黄河。泥石流在工程区多有分布,现已查明,工程区共有不同危险度等级的泥石流沟103条。泥石流危险区划结果表明,研究区内没有泥石流极高危险区;泥石流高度危险区总面积为73km2,主要集中分布在杜柯河流域,达曲和泥曲流域有零星分布;泥石流中度危险区总面积114·75km2,各流域均有分布,其中杜柯河和达曲流域分布较多;泥石流低度危险区是分布最广的区域,总面积156·75km2,各流域均有分布,以杜柯河流域分布略多。研究表明,用单沟泥石流危险度值作为综合指标,以具有不同泥石流危险度等级的泥石流沟流域面积作为权重的加权平均方法,采用网格作为泥石流危险区划的基本单元,能够直接而真实地获得泥石流危险区划的成果。用本文提出的方法进行地质灾害的危险区划,无疑比用间接方法和替代指标得出的危险区划结果具有更高的可靠性。     

湖南隆回县土壤硒元素地球化学特征及其影响因素:以石门-滩头镇为例

湖南省隆回县石门-滩头两个乡镇的土地质量地球化学调查共采集表层土壤样品699件,农产品样45件以及4个土壤垂向剖面,系统分析了表层土壤以及农产品中硒元素的含量特征,并探讨了土壤硒元素含量与成土母质、土地利用方式、土壤酸碱度以及有机质之间的关系.结果表明:区内土壤表层硒含量平均值为0.67 mg·kg-1,高于全国背景值...     

雷暴天气过程中降水结构与闪电活动特征个例研究

为深入分析四川雷暴天气过程中降水和闪电活动特征,运用统计与对比方法,对四川东南部一次雷暴过程中闪电活动及降水结构之间的特征进行研究。结果表明,强降水易发生在低层辐合,高层辐散的流场中,局部地区最大降水强度发生在2~5km高度。降水开始1h后,地闪频数达到最高,地闪主要以负地闪为主,正地闪不活跃。对闪电活动与亮温分布关系知,闪电活动主要发生在低于220K降水云内,闪电活动发生的区域与降水落区一致。对总闪与地闪的分布知,负地闪主要分布在总闪的外围。通过对四川雷暴过程的研究,对雷暴预报有一定的指导意义。     

西北太平洋热带气旋强度与环境气流切变关系的气候分析

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和JTwC(美国关岛联合台风警报中心)资料,对1974～2004年5～10月西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)强度和环境风垂直切变进行了趋势特征、振荡周期和空间结构分析.结果表明:西北太平洋热带风暴强度以上TC的最大风速和环境风垂直切变在时间上有相反的变化趋势,弱的环境风垂直切变有利于TC强度的增大;前12 h的环境风垂直切变对TC强度的发展影响最大.环境风垂直切变在两北太平洋TC最强的年份表现为环境风切变值小,TC发生密集;最弱的年份表现为环境风切变值大,TC发生稀疏.     

水分盈亏指数及其在农业干旱监测中的应用

从广西农业生产特点和农业干旱监测业务实际需要出发,建立了综合考虑降雨量和同期作物需水量的基于作物水分盈亏原理的农业干旱监测模型,农业干旱监测等级指标,并用该指标分析了1961～2004年广西双季稻、甘蔗生育期间农业干旱的时空分布特征,用自治区农业厅同期旱情资料对2004年广西春旱发生情况进行监测验证.结果表明:水分盈亏指数模型能很好地反映旱情,是一种实时的干旱监测方法,能运用于广西农业干旱监测业务,在每季干旱发生频率的时空分布特征分析上得到的结果也与实际情况相符合.     

滇西北高原强对流天气客观物理量特征分析

应用MICAPS客观物理量资料,对丽江市2006—2011年82次强对流天气进行诊断分析。结果表明,强对流天气发生前,水汽大多处于高湿或中等湿度状态,一般暴雨时700hPa比湿大于等于9g/kg,冰雹时大于等于6g/kg,或700hPa相对湿度暴雨时大于等于80%,冰雹时大于等于60%;热力状况大多处于高温、高热、高能和对流不稳定状态,部分在川滇间有明显的能量锋存在,特别是暴雨,一般沙氏指数SI小于等于0℃、K指数大于等于35℃、丽江假相当位温θse大于等于68℃,丽江与西昌或成都间的θse差大于等于10℃;动力条件则大多表现为低层正涡度,高层负涡度的有利配置,部分中高层有明显的冷平流,特别是冰雹时,一般700hPa涡度大于等于0×10-5s-1,300hPa以上任一层涡度小于等于-30×10-5s-1,或700hPa层以上任一层温度平流小于等于-1×10-5℃·s-1。     

气象装备保障效能评估技术

随着气象部门装备保障业务重要性的不断提高,开展装备保障评估方法的研究,对保障质量进行科学评价成为一个新的课题。就监控、维护和维修3个装备保障子业务分别建立了各自的评估体系,还利用监控、维护和维修业务的独立性,提出了根据业务单位职责的组成,使用监控率、故障率和维修率三者的加权平均值评估装备保障综合效能的方法,对建立装备保障业务的考核体系有一定的参考借鉴意义。