乌兰布和沙漠东南缘白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocphala)灌丛沙堆形态特征与固沙能力

白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocphala)灌丛沙堆是乌兰布和沙漠最为广泛分布的典型荒漠灌丛沙堆之一。本研究对白沙蒿灌丛的灌丛形态参数、沙堆形态参数进行了野外测定,探讨沙堆形态发育及固沙能力与白沙蒿灌丛形态的关系。结果表明:白沙蒿灌丛高度随着灌丛半径的增加而呈对数曲线增加,在灌丛较小时灌丛高度增长较快,随后渐趋于稳定,其水平方向发育速度大于垂直方向;白沙蒿灌丛沙堆半径及高度随灌丛半径和高度增加而增加,二者呈显著线性关系,沙堆水平方向发育受到灌丛冠幅的影响,沙堆垂直方向的发育水平取决于灌丛高度;随白沙蒿地上部分鲜重的增加,灌丛沙堆底面积、高度、沙堆体积和固沙效率均呈极显著线性增加(p0.01);白沙蒿灌丛越大其固积沙堆也越大,固沙率越高,不同大小灌丛白沙蒿间的固沙效率差异显著(p0.05);白沙蒿灌丛背风侧的积沙宽度(y)与积沙距离(x)显著相关(R2=0.9917),其线性回归方程为y=-19.654x+122.41,在距离灌丛背风面6~7倍高度的地方,积沙接近消失。     

Potential promoted productivity and spatial patterns of medium- and low-yield cropland land in China

With a continuously increasing population and better food consumption levels, improving the efficiency of arable land use and increasing its productivity have become fundamental strategies to meet the growing food security needs in China. A spatial distribution map of medium- and low-yield cropland is necessary to implement plans for cropland improvement. In this study, we developed a new method to identify high-, medium-, and low-yield cropland from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data at a spatial resolution of 500 m. The method could be used to reflect the regional heterogeneity of cropland productivity because the classification standard was based on the regionalization of cropping systems in China. The results showed that the proportion of high-, medium-, and low-yield cropland in China was 21%, 39%, and 40%, respectively. About 75% of the low-yield cropland was located in hilly and mountainous areas, and about 53% of the high-yield cropland was located in plain areas. The five provinces with the largest area of high-yield cropland were all located in the Huang-Huai-Hai region, and the area amounted to 42% of the national high-yield cropland area. Meanwhile, the proportion of high-yield cropland was lower than 15% in Heilongjiang, Sichuan, and Inner Mongolia, which had the largest area allocated to cropland in China. If all the medium-yield cropland could be improved to the productive level of high-yield cropland and the low-yield cropland could be improved to the level of medium-yield cropland, the total productivity of the land would increase 19% and 24%, respectively.     

EFFECTS OF ANOMALOUS HEATING ON SUMMER MONSOON OVER ASIA*

Based on a zonally non-uniform mean circulation in summer simulated by numerical modelling,perturbation heatings ever South Asia and a perturbation cooling over Northwest Australia were incorporated in a numerical model to discuss their effects on summer monsoon over Asia and the structure of flow disturbance.     

极地海冰异常对我国夏季大气环流和降水影响的数值研究

利用全球大气环流谱模式分别进行了南极和北极海冰面积异常偏大和偏小的数值试验，对６－８月的结果进行了对比分析，讨论了极地海冰异常对我国夏季大气环流和降水的可能影响。结果表明，南极或北极海冰面积异常偏大，则我国夏季风变弱，特别蝇使得南亚高压、西北太平洋副热带高压等减弱。南极海冰面积偏大使得我国黄河－长江－带地区降水减少，北极海冰面积偏大，造成我国东部地区的降水量有所减少，模拟结果与统计分析相一致。可同     

不均匀植被分布对地表面和大气边界层影响的数值试验

研究陆地与大气间相互作用的方法之一是建立联系地表面层与大气间各种过程的数值模式进行模拟。本文是建立一个陆面过程与二维大气边界层相耦合的模式,耦合模式中包含了发生在大气边界层、植被冠层和土壤表层各种动力、热力和水文过程。运用这一模式模拟了荒漠环境中一片绿洲的不均匀地表面形成的局地气候。由于绿洲植被与周围荒漠有着显著不同的水份与能量平衡关系,使绿洲表面与边界层较四周荒漠冷而湿,并形成了相应的局地环流,即所谓“绿洲效应”。试验结果表明,模拟的气候状况与观测现象是一致的。模式可以用于陆气相互作用的研究。     

基于MICAPS系统的数字化天气图及常规气象资料检索分析系统

介绍了基于“9210工程”和MICAPS系统的资料自动存储、整理、检索和历史天气图分析业务系统——基于MICAPS系统的数字化天气图及常规气象资料检索分析系统，较全面地介绍了该系统高度自动化、设计友好的功能和在业务中的应用。     

全球升温1.5℃和2.0℃背景下北京市暴雨洪涝淹没风险研究

基于第五次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)的5个气候模式模拟结果,结合FloodArea模型,对RCP8.5情景下全球升温1.5℃和2.0℃时,北京市极端降水和淹没风险进行分析。结果表明：北京市极端降水量呈从西南向东北逐渐减少的分布趋势。在升温2.0℃时,极端降水和淹没风险增加较升温1.5℃时明显,郊区极端降水增加最明显的地区是房山和门头沟,城区极端降水量增加最明显的地区是海淀、石景山和丰台区。海淀区出现一级和二级淹没风险的面积最大,其次是丰台和石景山区。郊区的延庆和怀柔是发生一级淹没风险面积最大的地区。     

循环同化雷达资料对一次飑线系统临近预报的改进作用

利用WRF(Weather Research Forecast)模式及其3D-Var(Three-Dimensional Variational assimilation)变分系统,针对2017年7月7日一次飑线进行了雷达资料的循环同化敏感性试验.结果表明:以循环同化雷达资料至飑线成熟期时刻的试验预报效果最好,主要原因...     

1999—2008年巴彦诺尔公气象要素对水面蒸发影响的灰色关联分析

利用巴彦诺尔公基准气候站1999—2008年非冻结期(4—10月)E-601B大型蒸发器观测的蒸发量,以及同步观测的常规气象要素,采用灰色关联方法初步探讨温度、风速、日照时数、气压等气象要素对水面蒸发的影响程度。结果表明,气象要素对巴彦诺尔公地区蒸发量影响程度从大到小的排序依次为温度、日照时数、气压和风速。