Surface magnetic fields on two accreting T Tauri stars: CV Cha and CR Cha

We have produced brightness and magnetic field maps of the surfaces of CV Cha and CR Cha: two actively accreting G- and K-type T Tauri stars in the Chamaeleon I star-forming cloud with ages of 3–5 Myr. Our magnetic field maps show evidence for strong, complex multipolar fields similar to those obtained for young rapidly rotating main-sequence stars. Brightness maps indicate the presence of dark polar caps and low-latitude spots – these brightness maps are very similar to those obtained for other pre-main-sequence and rapidly rotating main-sequence stars.
Only two other classical T Tauri stars have been studied using similar techniques so far: V2129 Oph and BP Tau. CV Cha and CR Cha show magnetic field patterns that are significantly more complex than those recovered for BP Tau, a fully convective T Tauri star.
We discuss possible reasons for this difference and suggest that the complexity of the stellar magnetic field is related to the convection zone; with more complex fields being found in T Tauri stars with radiative cores (V2129 Oph, CV Cha and CR Cha). However, it is clearly necessary to conduct magnetic field studies of T Tauri star systems, exploring a wide range of stellar parameters in order to establish how they affect magnetic field generation, and thus how these magnetic fields are likely to affect the evolution of T Tauri star systems as they approach the main sequence.     

塔里木盆地中南部麻扎塔格逆冲—褶皱带变形特征及其意义

麻扎塔格地区地层、地貌及构造变形特征的研究,对于认识塔里木盆地新生代构造演化过程、塔里木—西昆仑的盆山耦合关系、新构造运动对塔里木油气资源分布的影响以及塔克拉玛干沙漠的气候、环境变化都具有重要意义。本文通过卫星照片解译、野外变形观察、剖面实测、地球物理资料解释等手段,对该地区晚新生代的构造特征进行了研究,确定了麻扎塔格构造带为典型的逆冲—褶皱带,并探讨了麻扎塔格逆冲—褶皱带的构造指向、活动时限、隆升速率及缩短速率、东西方向的延伸等问题,取得如下认识:1)麻扎塔格逆冲—褶皱带为西昆仑山前陆褶皱冲断带的前缘部位,和田河气田就是处在逆冲前锋背斜顶部,晚新生代变形作用已明显地改造了塔里木盆地南部及中部的古生代和中生代构造,并促成了和田河气田的形成;2)麻扎塔格山在中新世末(约7 Ma)和中更新世(约780 ka B.P.)经历了两次构造隆升,后一次形成了麻扎塔格逆冲—褶皱带和麻扎塔格山现今的地貌特征;3)估算出麻扎塔格逆冲—褶皱带中更新世以来的隆升速率约为0.26～0.4 mm/a,缩短速率约为0.9 mm/a;4)认为麻扎塔格逆冲—褶皱带向西应与同属西昆仑山前褶皱—冲断带前缘的喀什背斜相连,东端的突然消失可能是由于东段和田河附近存在北东—南西向的走滑断层造成。     

Crustal structure of northeastern Tibet inferred from receiver function analysis

Sponsored by National Science & Technology Committee, the cooperation between China Academy of Geoscience and Institute of Geophysics and Tectonics, University Joseph, France conducted a lithospherical experiment using 40 Minititan 3-component and 13 CEIS 1-component seismometers along the road from Gonghe to Yushu in Qinghai Province during 5 months after June, 1998. The interested area is on the north of Bangong- Nujiang fault, the east of Qaidam basin, the south of Center Qilian fault and the west of Longmenshan fault. And the profile across most tectonic parts of Eastern Tibet such as Southern Qilian, Eastern Kunlun fault, Bayan Har terrane, Jinshajiang suture (Figure 1), which is the first seismological profile across Eastern Tibet (Qinghai-Tibet) and will be beneficial on the comparison with the results of its center parts, especially on the understanding of the effect of the thousands-kilometer-faraway collision between Eurasia Plate and Indian Plate on the uplifting of south and north part of Eastern Kunlun fault, and on the thickening of crust and the feature of deep structure of Qilian mountain on the north of Tibet Plateau.     

Lead orthophosphates—II. Stability of cholopyromophite at 25°c

The conversion of secondary lead orthophosphate [PbHPO₄] into chloropyromorphite [Pb₅(PO₄)₃Cl] in ca. 10^?1 M NaCl solutions has been investigated at 25°C. From the composition of the supernatant solutions, the solubility product constant for Pb₅(PO₄)₃Cl has been calculated to be 10^?84.4±0.1, corresponding to $\text{ΔG}{}_{\mathrm{?}}\text{°}$ of ?906.2 kcal mol^?1. The solution equilibria and phase relationships in the system PbCl₂-PbO-P₂O₈-H₂O are discussed along with the geological implications.     

The Malvern howardite: a petrological and chemical discussion

The Malvern howardite contains glass, probably formed by impact on the surface of a parent body. This achondrite also contains a large xenolith, a breccia in breccia. A mineralogical and chemical study of the stone has been carried out by means of electron microprobe and neutron activation analysis.Individual mineral and bulk compositions show the eucritic character of the xenolith. Most of the stone results from mechanical mixing of possibly related rocks, with glass derived by total or partial melting. Foreign components seem to be present as well.     

Fractionation of sulfur isotopes by sediment adsorption of sulfate

Adsorption studies with sediment from the Bay of Quinte (Lake Ontario) indicate that the adsorption isotherm for sulfate concentration greater than 20 mg/l can be described by a Langmuir-type equation. The accompanying changes in δ³⁴S of the solutions range from +0.9 to +6.0‰ indicating enrichment of³²S in the sediments. The corresponding isotopic fractionation between the adsorbed sulfate and the sulfate remaining in solution ranges from ?10 to ?24‰, the larger fractionations being associated with low sulfate concentrations. The adsorbed sulfate is shown to significantly afftect the isotopic composition of the sediment in contact with the sulfate-bearing solution. The desorption of adsorbed sulfate is considered a possible mechanism for enriching natural freshwaters with³²S.     

Lahar-Triggering Mechanisms and Hazard at Ruapehu Volcano,New Zealand

Late Holocene volcanic activity at Ruapehu has been characterizedby the generation of small (<10⁵ m³) to very large (>10⁷ m³) lahars and repeated,small to medium (VEI 1-3) tephra-producing eruptions. The Onetapu Formation groupsall lahar deposits that accumulated during the last 2,000 years on the southeastern Ruapehu ring plain. The andesitic tephras are grouped within the Tufa Trig Formation and are intercalated within the laharic sequence. By correlating these two formations with new radiocarbon ages obtained on interbedded paleosols, we reconstruct a detailed volcanic history of Ruapehu for this period.Clast assemblages identified in the laharic sequences record thelithologies of synchronous tephras and rocks within the source region. These assemblages suggest a strong genetic link between the development of Crater Lake, the variation in eruptivestyles, and the production of lahars.Lahar-triggering mechanisms include: (1) flank collapse ofhydrothermally altered and unstable portions of the cone; (2) phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions favoring the generation of snow-rich slurries and hyperconcentrated stream flows; (3) suddenCrater Lake rim collapse, releasing large amounts of water inducing debris flows; and (4) eruptions that generate large volumes of tephra on snow-covered slopes, later remobilized by heavy rain.Two major lahars in the Onetapu sequence had a volume 4 × 10⁷ m³, roughly 1 to 2 orders of magnitude larger than the 1953event leading to the Tangiwai disaster (151 casualties). One of these lahars crossed over a lowinterfluve currently separating the Whangaehu River from a stream feeding the Tongariro River,sometime since peat accumulated between AD 1400 and AD 1660. A repetition of such a large-scaleevent would have devastating consequences on the infrastructure, economy and environment withinthe distal areas of the two catchments. The 1995–1996 eruptions were a timely reminder ofthe hazards posed by the volcano.     

广义付里叶变换及其在磁共振成像中的应用

许多共振成像（ＭＲＩ）的应用,要求人体组织磁化强度的空间分布Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ变换的幅度和相位的精确分离,及利用正交双通道采集时间和空间高分辨图象序列。在传统的基于Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ变换的成象方法中,图象序列从一帧空间编码独立地重建得到,因此给定空间分辨率的情况下,每帧空间编码的数量限制了图象序列的时间分辨力;又常通过牺牲空间分辨率来提高图象序列的空间分辨录。由于传统Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ变换的核函数是线性相位,若变换ＭＲＩ技术必须很好地满足主磁场均匀性和梯度场线性的条件,因此传统Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ变换成象方法对临床应用中常出现ＭＲ信号相位失真极为敏感。本文提出：利用主磁场中组织的磁化强度不变,能很好消除图象的相位失真。