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Jens B. Derenbach 《Marine Chemistry》1985,15(4):305-309
A uniform pattern of alkylated benzenes was encountered in water samples from a transect through the Baltic Sea and the central Atlantic. The data resembled findings of others at a coastal sampling site. The distribution of alkylated benzenes appears to be dominated by large-scale transport in the atmosphere and in water masses. 相似文献
215.
Heath Michael R; Boyle Peter R; Gislason Astthor; Gurney William S.C; Hay Stephen J; Head Erica J.H; Holmes Steven; Ingvarsdottir Anna; Jonasdottir Sigrun H; Lindeque Pennie; Pollard Raymond T; Rasmussen Jens; Richards Kelvin; Richardson Katherine; Smerdon Gary; Speirs Douglas 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2004,61(4):698-708
216.
Xiaohong Zhang Mingkui Wu Wanke Liu Xingxing Li Shun Yu Cuixian Lu Jens Wickert 《Journal of Geodesy》2017,91(10):1225-1240
The successful launch of five new-generation experimental satellites of the China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, namely BeiDou I1-S, I2-S, M1-S, M2-S, and M3-S, marks a significant step in expanding BeiDou into a navigation system with global coverage. In addition to B1I (1561.098 MHz) and B3I (1269.520 MHz) signals, the new-generation BeiDou-3 experimental satellites are also capable of transmitting several new navigation signals in space, namely B1C at 1575.42 MHz, B2a at 1176.45 MHz, and B2b at 1207.14 MHz. For the first time, we present an initial characterization and performance assessment for these new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites and their signals. The L1/L2/L5 signals from GPS Block IIF satellites, E1/E5a/E5b signals from Galileo satellites, and B1I/B2I/B3I signals from BeiDou-2 satellites are also evaluated for comparison. The characteristics of the B1C, B1I, B2a, B2b, and B3I signals are evaluated in terms of observed carrier-to-noise density ratio, pseudorange multipath and noise, triple-frequency carrier-phase ionosphere-free and geometry-free combination, and double-differenced carrier-phase and code residuals. The results demonstrate that the observational quality of the new-generation BeiDou-3 signals is comparable to that of GPS L1/L2/L5 and Galileo E1/E5a/E5b signals. However, the analysis of code multipath shows that the elevation-dependent code biases, which have been previously identified to exist in the code observations of the BeiDou-2 satellites, seem to be not obvious for all the available signals of the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites. This will significantly benefit precise applications that resolve wide-lane ambiguity based on Hatch–Melbourne–Wübbena linear combinations and other applications such as single-frequency precise point positioning (PPP) based on the ionosphere-free code–carrier combinations. Furthermore, with regard to the triple-frequency carrier-phase ionosphere-free and geometry-free combination, it is found that different from the BeiDou-2 and GPS Block IIF satellites, no apparent bias variations could be observed in all the new-generation BeiDou-3 experimental satellites, which shows a good consistency of the new-generation BeiDou-3 signals. The absence of such triple-frequency biases simplifies the potential processing of multi-frequency PPP using observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites. Finally, the precise relative positioning results indicate that the additional observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites can improve ambiguity resolution performance with respect to BeiDou-2 only positioning, which indicates that observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites can contribute to precise relative positioning. 相似文献
217.
Andreas Platis Arnold F. Moene Daniel Martínez Villagrasa Frank Beyrich David Tupman Jens Bange 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,163(3):447-467
We used numerical simulations to investigate the general relationship between urban morphology and the intensity of wind gusts in built-up areas at the pedestrian level. The simulated urban boundary layer developed over a 19.2 km (length) \(\times \) 4.8 km (width) \(\times \) 1.0 km (height) simulation domain, with 2-m resolution in all directions, to explicitly resolve the detailed shapes of buildings and the flow at the pedestrian level. This complex computation was accomplished using the lattice Boltzmann method and by implementing a large-eddy simulation model. To generalize the results, a new parameter that expresses the intensity of gusts (the gust index, \({\tilde{U}}_{ max})\) was defined as the local maximum wind speed divided by the freestream velocity. In addition, this parameter was decomposed into the mean wind-speed ratio, \({\tilde{U}} \) and turbulent gust ratio, \({\tilde{U}}^{{\prime }}\) to evaluate the qualities of gusts. These parameters were useful for quantitatively comparing the gust intensities within urban canopies at different locations or even among different experiments. In addition, the entire horizontal domain was subdivided into homogeneous square patches, in which both the simulated gust parameters and the morphological characteristics of building geometries were averaged. This procedure masked the detailed structure of individual buildings but retained the bulk characteristics of the urban morphology. At the pedestrian level, the gust index decreased with increasing building cover. Compared to \({\tilde{U}} \), the quantity \({\tilde{U}}^{{\prime }}\) notably contributed to the index throughout the range of plan area index \((\lambda _p)\) values. The dependences of all normalized wind-speed ratios transiently changed at \(\lambda _p =~0.28\). In cases where \(\lambda _p < 0.28, {\tilde{U}} \) decreased with increasing \(\lambda _p \), although \({\tilde{U}}^{{\prime }}\) was almost constant. In cases where \(\lambda _p > 0.28, {\tilde{U}}\) was almost constant and \({\tilde{U}}^{{\prime }}\) decreased with increasing \(\lambda _p \). This was explained by the change in flow regimes within the building canyon. At a higher elevation above the canopy layer, \(\lambda _p \) becomes less relevant to normalized wind-speed ratios, and instead the aerodynamic roughness length became important. 相似文献
218.
Managing authorities in Scandinavia arrange public information meetings when members of the public express fear because wolves or brown bears approach human settlements. This study aimed to increase the understanding of the potential effect of information meetings on self-reported fear of wolves and brown bears. In total, 198 participants completed questionnaires before and after the information meetings. Nine follow-up interviews were held 1 year later. The quantitative analyses revealed that participants who found the information credible reported a significant increase in social trust and a decrease in vulnerability and fear. The qualitative analyses pointed to the importance of information content and meta-communication, for example, nonverbal cues. It is proposed that, among participants who find the information credible, information meetings may change the appraisal of wolves and brown bears, and therefore they might prove useful as an intervention to address fear of these animals. 相似文献
219.
Wismar Bay is a shallow coastal embayment in the Western Baltic Sea which is polluted by various industries. Macrobenthos data collected between 1986–91 are examined for qualitative and quantitative changes attributable to oxygen depletion and the subsequent time needed for recovery. Regular oceanographic surveys since 1976 indicate one episode of oxygen deficiency, caused by deep-water intrusion into the study area. However, principal component analyses show that the benthic community alternated between periods of relative stability and sudden change at both of the deeper sites examined. Deep-water intrusions from outside the bay are documented twice followed by sudden changes in the benthic community, but similar events may also have occurred in other years. The benthos showed little resilience when impacted, and the changes in the benthic community during July–August are proposed to monitor the future influence of the deep-water intrusions. 相似文献
220.
Cylindrical sediment traps were deployed at various depths in the anoxic water of Framvaren for two periods of one year (1981–1982 and 1983–1984). The traps were emptied three times during 1981–1982 and five times during 1983–1984. The vertical fluxes of total suspended material, organic carbon and nitrogen were calculated on a daily and annual basis. The average annual sediment flux 20 m above the bottom was approximately 60 g m−2 y−1 and the flux of organic carbon was 20 g m−2 y−1. On the basis of an average C/N ratio of 8 and a constant carbon flux below a depth of 20 m, it is concluded that little mineralization of the organic matter takes place in the anoxic water column. Assuming a primary production of the order to 50–100 g m−2 y−1, 22–24% of that reaches the anoxic water masses. Further breakdown of organic matter takes place in the surface sediments. 相似文献