Relations among net-transfer reaction progress, 18O−13C depletion,and fluid infiltration in a clinohumite-bearing marble

A siliceous dolomitic marble xenolith within a mid-crustal Jurassic diorite exhibits mineralogical and stable isotopic evidence for infiltration of water-rich fluid. Adjacent to endoskarn which bounds the xenolith, forsterite has been replaced by clinohumite as a result of a devolatilization reaction driven by addition of aqueous fluid and extraction of heat. Isotopic compositions of calcite also record infiltration of aqueous fluid concentrated near contacts with endoskarn. Marble calcite ¹⁸O_SMOW values range from +19.5 at the center of the xenolith to +12.6 adjacent to endoskarn. Calcite ¹³C_PDB decreases sympathetically from +3.0 to +1.4. The calculated equilibrium composition of coexisting C–O–H–F fluid and a quantitative characterization of the whole-rock reaction which produced clinohumite and consumed graphite are used to place inequality contraints on the composition of the infiltrated fluid. Continnum mechanical transport models based on the resulting fluid compositions suggest that a small time-integrated Darey flux of 44 cm³/cm² coupled with diffusive transport in the fluid was sufficient to produce both the isotopic shifts and the net-transfer reactions evidenced in the xenolith. The calculations demonstrate the importance of graphite as an indicator of time-integrated flux. The maximum possible CH₄ content of the infiltrated fluid is sufficiently high to impart a 2.0 uncertainty in the ¹³C of the fluid. The isotopic composition of the fluid is consistent with a magmatic origin when this uncertainty is taken into account.     

Natural Cadmium Isotopic Variations in Eight Geological Reference Materials (NIST SRM 2711, BCR 176, GSS-1, GXR-1, GXR-2, GSD-12, Nod-P-1, Nod-A-1) and Anthropogenic Samples, Measured by MC-ICP-MS

In this study, the Cd isotopic composition of various geological reference materials and anthropogenic samples was investigated. The measurements were made by multicollector ICP-MS and instrumental mass fractionation was controlled using a "sample-standard bracketing" technique. Cadmium isotopic data are reported relative to an internal Cd solution (Cd Spex) and expressed as the ¹¹⁴ Cd/¹¹⁰Cd delta value. Two other Cd solutions (Prolabo and JMC) were analysed and yielded the same 0% delta value. A fractionated Cd metal sample (Münster Cd) was used as a secondary reference material for Cd isotopic measurements and we obtained a ¹¹⁴ Cd/¹¹⁰ Cd delta value of 4.48% relative to Cd Spex solution. As opposed to multi-stage Cd purification previously published in the literature, a new one step anionic exchange purification using dilute HCl for the analysis of Cd isotopes in geological samples was developed. This method enabled a high recovery (> 95%) and effective separation of the sample matrix to be achieved. The long-term external reproducibility was evaluated at 0.12% (2 standard deviations) for the ¹¹⁴ Cd/¹¹⁰Cd ratio, based on reference solutions and replicated measurements of samples over one year. The variation of Cd isotopic composition of natural terrestrial samples is restricted to a small range of 0.4%, which is similar to previously reported results. In contrast, large variations of Cd isotopic composition were found for anthropogenic samples with values as low as −0.64% for a dust sample issued from a lead smelter and values as high as +0.50% for NIST SRM 2711 (metal-rich soil). These variations are 10 times larger than the reproducibility and suggest that Cd isotopes can be useful as tracers of anthropogenic sources of Cd in the environment.     

L'extension à Madagascar du Néogène à l'Actuel: arguments structuraux et géophysiques

Field studies and observations from aerial photographs, remote sensing and numerical field models show that the Meso-Cenozoic and Recent sedimentary sequences of Madagascar are affected by normal faults. These faults, north-south, north-northeast-south-southwest and north-northwest-south-southwest trending, are responsible for the following morphological effects: scarps, block tilting and opening of faulted basins, the most important of which being the Lake Alaotra Basin. The general orientation of these brittle structures and some observations in the field show tha the horizontal maximum extension isroughly east-west directed. Other lines of evidence, seismic and gravimetric, confirm that Madagascar is presently submitted to a crustal and lithospheric extension, parallel to that in East Africa and the Mozambique Channel.     

Quelques problèmes de sedimentation géosynclinale dans les chaînes alpines de la Méditerranée moyenne

In the paleogeographic development of the alpine mountain belt in the central mediterranian a geosynclinal period may be differentiated from a late geosynclinal to postgeosynclinal period. Within the geosynclinal period one may recognize three stages: the stage of individualisation; the stage of geosynclinal development and the stage of orogeny. The stage of geosynclinal development includes a preflysch period and a flysch period. In the discussion of the preflysch period a number of sedimentational problems are dealt with: the distinction of swells of the Gavrovo typ with thick neritic sediments and those of the Briançonnais type with pelagic and condensed sedimentary sequences; the distribution of breccias on the flanks of troughs; the problem of the thickness of sediments on the swells and in the troughs. Two other problems treated are the nodular limestones of the ammonitico rosso and the radiolarites. The flysch period is characterised by relative temporal independence from the proceeding period. The terrigenous facies of the flysch period is viewed in space and time on the one hand as an expression of the trapping of terrigenous sediments and on the other as products of the orogenic polarity of the geosyncline system and of the orogeny moving from the interior to the exterior. In the flysch basins one can see all transitions between the conglomeratic flysch at the foot of the rising cordillera which furnished the terrigenous material, the arythmic pelites which were deposited at the external end of the flysch basin, through transitional sandy flysch over sandy pelites to pelites. From this viewpoint the scaglia appears as a cryptoflysch. From the temporal viewpoint the migration of flysch trough is emphasised, and an early internal flysch facies — mainly eugeosynclinal — and a later external flysch facies — mainly miogeosynclinal — are distinguished. The intensity of movements changes, decreasing gradually with the progressing orogeny. In overall view the sediments of the preflysch and flysch period may alternate, and are then succeeded by the sediments of the late geosynclinal and postgeosynclinal period. The flysch-molasse problem is viewed in this sense, and the development of the molasse is devided into a lategeosynclinal and a postgeosynclinal phase.     

Géometrie des déformations dans une nappe complexe: La nappe de Gavarnie (pyrénées centrales,France)

Résumé La nappe de Gavarnie est constituée de terrains d'âge paléozoÏque, crétacé supérieur et éocène. Elle repose sur un ensemble autochtone constitué par des formations métamorphiques (migmatites, micaschistes) et leur couverture crétacée. La mise en place de la nappe s'est faite lors de l'orogenèse pyrénéenne. La géométrie des diverses déformations qui affectent cet ensemble complexe est envisagée. La chronologie de ces déformations est établie ainsi que la distinction entre les déformations pyrénéennes et varisques. On compare ensuite cette nappe avec d'autres structures chevauchantes particulièrement étudiées du point de vue mécanique.

---

The Gavarnie nappe consists of Paleozoic, upper Creaceous and Eocone rocks. It covers an autochthonous block composed of migmatites and mica-schists and their cover. The movement of this nappe occurred during the Pyrenean Orogeny. The geometrical aspects of the many deformations in this complex has been studied, thus making it possible to determine the chronology of the various deformations, and also the difference between Pyrenean and Variscean deformation. This nappe is after compared to other mechanical well known overthrust structures.

---

Zusammenfassung Die Gavarnie-Decke besteht aus paläozoischen, ober-kretazischen und eozänen Gesteinen. Sie liegt auf einem autochthonen, aus metamorphen Formationen (Migmatiten, Glimmerschiefern) und ihrer Hülle zusammengestellten Block. Die Einwanderung der Decke nahm während der pyrenäneischen Orogenese statt. Die Geometrie der verschiedenen Deformationen dieses Komplexes wird studiert. Die Chronologie dieser Deformationen, wie auch der Unterschied zwischen pyrenäischen und variszischen Deformation ist festgestellt. Diese Decke wird mit anderen mechanisch gut bekannten Aufschiebungsstrukturen verglichen.

---

Gavarnie , . @@, (, ) . . , . . .

     

Thermal Conductivity of Argillaceous Rocks: Determination Methodology Using In Situ Heating Tests

This study focuses on the characterisation of thermal conductivity for three potential host rocks for radioactive waste disposal. First, the heat conduction process is reviewed on the basis of an analytical solution and key aspects related to anisotropic conduction are discussed. Then the existing information on the three rocks is summarised and a broad uncertainty range of thermal conductivity is estimated based on the mineralogical composition. Procedures to backanalyse the thermal conductivity on the basis of in situ heating tests are assessed and a methodology is put forward. Finally, this methodology is used to estimate the impact of experimental uncertainties and applied to the four in situ heating tests. In the three potential host rocks, a clear influence of the bedding planes was identified and anisotropic heat conduction was shown to be necessary to interpret the observed temperature field. Experimental uncertainties were also shown to induce a larger uncertainty on the anisotropy ratio than on the equivalent thermal conductivity defined as the geometric mean of the thermal conductivity in the three principal directions.     

Exploratory and Instantaneous Swimming Speeds of Amphidromous Fish School in Shallow-Water Coastal Lagoon Channels

Fish school swimming speeds is essential for ecological and management studies. The multibeam sonar in horizontal beaming provided dynamic echo traces of mobile fish schools. We used two school swimming speed indicators: the average of a series of instantaneous speed values, and the exploratory speed. These swimming speeds were estimated for each fish school observed on the basis of their Euclidian position within the sonar beams. The average ISS values per school ranged from 0.15 m s⁻¹ to 4.46 m s⁻¹, while the ESS values per school were lower, ranging from 0.04 m s⁻¹ to 3.77 m s⁻¹. Multibeam sonar technology makes it possible to measure fish school swimming speeds in their natural habitat at small spatio-temporal scales. This methodology can therefore be used to analyse in situ their movements, and has a wide range of applications in behavioural studies and management purposes.     

Wetland classification in Newfoundland and Labrador using multi-source SAR and optical data integration

A vast portion of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) is covered by wetland areas. Notably, it is the only province in Atlantic Canada that does not have a wetland inventory system. Wetlands are important areas of research because they play a pivotal role in ecological conservation and impact human activities in the province. Therefore, classifying wetland types and monitoring their changes are crucial tasks recommended for the province. In this study, wetlands in five pilot sites, distributed across NL, were classified using the integration of aerial imagery, Synthetic Aperture Radar, and optical satellite data. First, each study area was segmented using the object-based method, and then various spectral and polarimetric features were evaluated to select the best features for identifying wetland classes using the Random Forest algorithm. The accuracies of the classifications were assessed by the parameters obtained from confusion matrices, and the overall accuracies varied between 81% and 91%. Moreover, the average producer and user accuracies for wetland classes, considering all pilot sites, were 71% and 72%, respectively. Since the proposed methodology demonstrated high accuracies for wetland classification in different study areas with various ecological characteristics, the application of future classifications in other areas of interest is promising.     

Geospatial method for computing supplemental multi-decadal US coastal land use and land cover classification products,using Landsat data and C-CAP products

This paper discusses the development and implementation of a method that can be used with multi-decadal Landsat data for computing general coastal US land use and land cover (LULC) maps consisting of seven classes. With Mobile Bay, Alabama as the study region, the method that was applied to derive LULC products for nine dates across a 34-year time span. Classifications were computed and refined using decision rules in conjunction with unsupervised classification of Landsat data and Coastal Change and Analysis Program value-added products. Each classification’s overall accuracy was assessed by comparing stratified random locations to available high spatial resolution satellite and aerial imagery, field survey data and raw Landsat RGBs. Overall classification accuracies ranged from 83 to 91% with overall κ statistics ranging from 0.78 to 0.89. Accurate classifications were computed for all nine dates, yielding effective results regardless of season and Landsat sensor. This classification method provided useful map inputs for computing LULC change products.