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191.
Ecological criteria, participant preferences and location models: A GIS approach toward ATV trail planning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stephanie A. Snyder Jay H. Whitmore Ingrid E. Schneider Dennis R. Becker 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2008,28(4):248-258
This paper presents a geographic information system (GIS)-based method for recreational trail location for all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) which considers environmental factors, as well as rider preferences for trail attributes. The method utilizes the Least-Cost Path algorithm within a GIS framework to optimize trail location. The trail location algorithm considered trail impacts and benefits associated with water bodies, slope, land ownership, noise, trail separation, views, and rider preferences for vegetation types and loop trails. Alternative trails were generated to highlight the influence of different preferences for trail attributes and to demonstrate the capabilities of the Least-Cost Path algorithm as applied to trail location. The method shows promise for use in generating ATV trails, as well as other types of recreational trails, for consideration in recreational planning and analysis. 相似文献
192.
In recent studies, several benthic biological indices were developed or used to assess the ecological quality status of marine environments. In the present study the seasonal variability of several univariate and multimetric indices was studied on a monthly scale (September 2000 until May 2002) in different areas of the North Sea such as the German Bight, the Oyster Ground and the Dogger Bank. The stations were chosen to reflect a gradient in the hydrographic regime, temperature and organic matter supply. The seasonal variability was highest for the univariate indices such as the Shannon–Wiener Index and the Hurlbert Index. Thus, due to sensitivity to recruitment the corresponding ecological status ranged from ‘good’ to ‘poor’ depending on the season. For the multimetric indices such as the AMBI or the BQI the seasonal variability and the corresponding ecological status were low. The results are discussed concerning possible consequences for ecological quality assessment especially related to the Water Framework Directive (WFD). 相似文献
193.
Effects of linking up of discontinuities on fracture growth and groundwater transport 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Agust?GudmundssonAgust.Gudmundsson@gwdg.de" title="agust.gudmundsson@geol.uib.no Agust.Gudmundsson@gwdg.de" itemprop="email" data-track="click" data-track-action="Email author" data-track-label="">Email author Otilie?Gjesdal Sonja?L.?Brenner Ingrid?Fjeldskaar 《Hydrogeology Journal》2003,11(1):84-99
It is proposed that the growth of fractures is the basic process for generating and maintaining permeability in solid rock
(bedrock). Many extension fractures grow as hydrofractures, whereas many shear (and extension) fractures grow through the
formation of transverse fractures that connect the adjacent tips of existing fractures. In a boundary-element analysis, the
hydrofractures are modeled as being driven open by a fluid overpressure that varies linearly from 10 MPa at the fracture centre
to 0 MPa at the fracture tip. The host rock has a uniform Young's modulus of 10 GPa, a Poisson's ratio of 0.25, and is dissected
by vertical joints and horizontal contacts, each of which is modeled as an internal spring of stiffness 6 MPa m−1. The number of joints and contacts, and their location with respect to the hydrofracture tip are varied in different model
runs. The results of the analyses indicate that the tensile stresses generated by overpressured hydrofractures open up joints
and contacts out to considerable distances from the fracture tip, so that they tend to link up to form a hydraulic pathway.
Using the same Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and internal spring constant for joints as in the hydrofracture models, boundary-element
models were made to study the interaction stresses that cause neighbouring joints to become interconnected through the growth
of linking transverse fractures that, ultimately, may evolve into shear fractures. The models were subjected to tensile stress
of 6 MPa acting normal to the joint planes as the only loading. The offset (horizontal distance) and underlap (vertical distance)
between the adjacent tips of the joints were varied between model runs. The results show a concentration of tensile and shear
stresses in the regions between the neighbouring tips of the joints, but these regions become smaller when the underlap of
the joints decreases and changes to overlap. These stress-concentration regions favour the development of transverse (mostly
shear) fractures that link up the nearby tips of the joints, so as to form a segmented shear or extension fracture. Analytical
results on aperture variation of a hydrofracture in a homogeneous, isotropic rock are compared with boundary-element results
for a hydrofracture dissecting layered rocks. The aperture is larger where the hydrofracture dissects soft (low Young's modulus)
layers than where it dissects stiff layers. Aperture variation may encourage subsequent groundwater-flow channeling along
a pathway generated by a hydrofracture in layered rocks.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
194.
195.
Ingrid N. Visser 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):635-642
Two orca (Orcinus orca, Linnaeus, 1758), photo‐identified as part of an ongoing study in New Zealand waters, have a series of deep scars in their dorsal lumbar‐caudal regions which suggests they were caused by propellers. One of the animals, first noted to have the scars in 1982, is considerably smaller than an adult of similar age. The known home range of these orca are presented. A third orca hit by a boat is presumed dead. 相似文献
196.
Mineral carbonation is one of several alternatives for CO2 sequestration and storage. The reaction rates of appropriate minerals with CO2, for instance olivine and serpentine with vast resources, are relatively slow in a CO2 sequestration context and the rates have to be increased to make mineral carbonation a good storage alternative. Increasing the dissolution rate of olivine has been the focus of this paper. Olivine was milled with very high energy intensity using a laboratory planetary mill to investigate the effect of mechanical activation on the Mg extraction potential of olivine in 0.01 M HCl solution at room temperature and pressure. Approximately 30–40% of each sample was dissolved and water samples were taken at the end of each experiment. The pH change was used to calculate time series of the Mg concentrations, which also were compared to the final Mg concentrations in the water samples. Percentage dissolved and the specific reaction rates were estimated from the Mg concentration time series. The measured particle size distributions could not explain the rate constants found, but the specific surface area gave a good trend versus dissolution for samples milled wet and the samples milled with a small addition of water. The samples milled dry had the lowest measured specific surface areas (<4 m2/g), but had the highest rate constants. The crystallinity calculated from X-ray diffractograms, was the material parameter with the best fit for the observed differences in the rate constants. Geochemical modelling of mechanically activated materials indicated that factors describing the changes in the material properties related to the activation must be included. The mechanically activated samples in general reacted faster than predicted by the theoretical models. Mechanical activation as a pre-treatment method was found to enhance the initial specific reaction rates by approximately three orders of magnitude for a sample milled dry for 60 min in a planetary mono mill compared to an unactivated sample. Wet milling in the planetary mill did not produce samples with the same maximum reaction rate as dry milling, but wet milling in general might be easier to implement into a wet carbonation process. Mechanical activation in a planetary mill is likely to consume too much energy for CO2 sequestration purposes, but the increase in obtained olivine rate constants illustrates a potential for using milling as a pre-treatment method. 相似文献
197.
Parampreet Kaur Naveen Chaudhri Albrecht W. Hofmann Ingrid Raczek Martin Okrusch Susanne Skora Jürgen Koepke 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2014,103(4):1083-1112
The late Palaeoproterozoic (1.72–1.70 Ga) ferroan granites of the Khetri complex, northern Aravalli orogen, NW India, were extensively metasomatised ~900 Ma after their emplacement, at around 850–830 Ma by low-temperature (ca. 400 °C) meteoric fluids that attained metamorphic character after exchanging oxygen with the surrounding metamorphic rocks. Albitisation is the dominant metasomatic process that was accompanied by Mg and Ca metasomatism. A two-stage metasomatic model is applicable to all the altered ferroan intrusives. The stage I is represented by a metasomatic reaction interface that developed as a result of transformation of the original microcline–oligoclase (An12–14) granite to microcline–albite (An1–3) granite, and this stage is rarely preserved. In contrast, the stage II metasomatic reaction front, where the microcline-bearing albite granite has been transformed to microcline-free albite granite, is readily recognisable in the field and present in most of the intrusives. Some of them lack an obvious reaction interface due to the presence of stage II albite granites only. When studied in isolation, these intrusives were incorrectly classified and their tectonic setting was misinterpreted. Furthermore, our results show that the mafic mineralogy of metasomatised granites has a significant impact on the characterisation of such rocks in the magmatic classification and discrimination diagrams. Nevertheless, the stage I metasomatised granites can be appropriately characterised in these diagrams, whereas the characterisation of the stage II granites will lead to erroneous interpretations. The close spatial association of these high heat producing ferroan granites with iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG), U and REE mineralisation in the region indicates a genetic link between the metasomatism and the mineralisation. World-class IOCG, U and REE deposits are associated with metasomatised ferroan granites, suggesting that such a relationship may act as a critical first-order exploration target for undiscovered mineral deposits. 相似文献
198.
Primary sand and gravel deposits in Britain play an important role in preserving our cultural heritage and are also a valuable aggregate resource. While an understanding of the extrinsic properties of the soil archive (such as pH, redox, groundwater) can provide a firstorder assessment of the potential risk to any archaeologically sensitive deposits, we have very poor definition of spatial variations in the extrinsic properties of soil that influence archaeological preservation at a regional and national scale. Developments in digital geological mapping, remote sensing, and geochemical survey data undertaken by the British Geological Survey (BGS) have, however, significantly extended capabilities in this respect and can potentially be used to provide a primary assessment of the sensitivity of the present soil archive and the potential risk from changes to the soil process on cultural material in areas earmarked for aggregate extraction. Two of the major factors affecting archaeological preservation—soil acidification and groundwater—can be mapped or predicted at scales of better than 1:50,000 across increasingly large parts of the country using a combination of regional hydrogeological, geophysical, and geochemical data. Additional data from site investigations may further refine preservation potential as a function of changes in redox potential and acidity. These data, maps and models can be used to (1) better establish a baseline for archaeological preservation at a regional and national scale and (2) improve our understanding of how the physical and chemical properties of the near surface environment can be managed to sustainably preserve archaeological materials in areas impacted by sand and gravel extraction. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
199.
Camila Rodrigues Costa Cynthia Fernandes Pinto da Luz Ingrid Horák-Terra Plínio Barbosa de Camargo Uidemar Morais Barral Carlos Victor Mendonça-Filho Thamyres Sabrina Gonçalves Alexandre Christófaro Silva 《第四纪科学杂志》2023,38(1):61-75
The Cerrado biome is the second largest in Brazil, but the evolution of the Cerrado during the late Quaternary is not yet fully known. This study identifies paleoenvironmental changes during the last 23 000 years, based on a tropical mountain peatland record, in the Serra do Espinhaço Meridional in central-eastern Brazil. A multi-proxy approach was used that involved palynological analysis, stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N), geochemistry, radiocarbon dating and multivariate statistics derived from a peatland core from Rio Preto (Minas Gerais state). The study reveals a very humid and cold climate during the late Pleistocene, with an increase in temperature and decrease in humidity at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition. During this period there was strong instability in the landscape (episodes of erosion). At the beginning of the Holocene there was a reduction in humidity with greater landscape stability. The current sub-humid climatic conditions seem to have been established in the mid-/late Holocene, with periods of landscape instability. Our findings agree with other Cerrado records that contradict previously established hypotheses, such as the Amazonian Refuge and the Pleistocene Arc. 相似文献