Hawking non-thermal and thermal radiations of Reissner Nordström anti-de Sitter black hole by Hamilton-Jacobi method

We have investigated Hawking non-thermal and purely thermal Radiations of Reissner Nordström anti-de Sitter (RNAdS) black hole by massive particles tunneling method. The spacetime background has taken as dynamical, incorporate the self-gravitation effect of the emitted particles the imaginary part of the action has derived from Hamilton-Jacobi equation. We have supposed that energy and angular momentum are conserved and have shown that the non-thermal and thermal tunneling rates are related to the change of Bekenstein-Hawking entropy and the derived emission spectrum deviates from the pure thermal spectrum. The results for RNAdS black hole is also in the same manner with Parikh and Wilczek’s opinion and explored the new result for Hawking radiation of RNAdS black hole.     

Sedimentology and stratigraphy of Geli Khana Formation (Anisian–Ladinian), a contourite depositional system in the northeastern passive margin of Arabian plate,northern Iraq-Kurdistan region

The Middle Triassic Geli Khana Formation of the northeastern part of the Arabian plate marks the establishment of the Neo-Tethys passive margin. The indication of bottom-current activities, within the lower and middle parts of the formation, gives the opportunity to study Middle Triassic facies and depositional settings in northern Iraq. Three sections (two outcrops and one subsurface) were selected to study the sedimentology and stratigraphy of Geli Khana succession. Petrographic investigations of the carbonate and siliciclastic beds on 140 thin sections show both skeletal and non-skeletal grains. The skeletal grains reveal deposition in deep open marine and in shallow warm water, within a gently slope ramp setting. Twelve microfacies were recognized. In the northern thrust zone, these facies were subdivided, according to their environmental interpretation, into three basic types of facies associations: outer ramp/basinal, middle ramp/slope, and inner ramp/lagoon (open and restricted). Restricted lagoon and tidal flat facies association is suggested for the Geli Khana Formation in Well Jabal Kand-1. Typical contourite deposits associated with turbidites are recognized for the first time in the Middle Triassic Geli Khana Formation in the northern thrust zone, northern Iraq, Kurdistan region. The contourites are characterized by thin beds and occasional lenses of sandy limestones, siltstones to fine-grained sandstones with current ripples, laminations (planar and cross), and erosional surfaces. These current structures are associated with thin-bedded (5–25 cm) limestones and shales. Deformation structures are characteristic feature of the formation inferring syndepositional slumping and turbidite influence too.     

Mineral potential mapping in Central Iran using fuzzy ordered weighted averaging method

The aim of this work is to introduce the application of the fuzzy ordered weighted averaging method as a straightforward knowledge‐driven approach to explore porphyry copper deposits in an airborne prospect. In this paper, the proposed method is applied to airborne geophysical (potassium radiometry, magnetometry, and frequency‐domain electromagnetic) data, geological layers (fault and host rock zones), and various extracted alteration layers from remote sensing images. The central Iranian volcanic–sedimentary belt in Kerman province of Iran that is located within the Urumieh–Dokhtar (Sahand–Bazman) magmatic arc is chosen for this study. This region has high potential of mineral occurrences, especially porphyry copper, containing some active world‐class copper mines such as Sarcheshmeh. Two evidential layers, including the downward continued map and the analytic signal of such filtered magnetic data, are generated to be used as geophysical plausible traces of porphyry copper occurrences. The low values of the resistivity layer acquired from airborne frequency‐domain electromagnetic data are also used as an electrical criterion in this study. Four remote sensing evidential layers, including argillic, phyllic, propylitic, and hydroxyl alterations, are extracted from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer images in order to map the altered areas associated with porphyry copper deposits. The Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus images are used to map iron oxide layer. Since potassium alteration is the mainstay of copper alteration, the airborne potassium radiometry data are used. Here, the fuzzy ordered weighted averaging method uses a wide range of decision strategies in order to generate numerous mineral potential/prospectivity maps. The final mineral potential map based upon desired geo‐data set indicates adequately matching of high‐potential zones with previous working mines and copper deposits.     

The emerging role of satellite rainfall data in improving the hydro-political situation of flood monitoring in the under-developed regions of the world

The systematic decline of in situ networks for hydrologic measurements has been recognized as a crucial limitation to advancing hydrologic monitoring in medium to large basins, especially those that are already sparsely instrumented. As a collective response, sections of the hydrologic community have recently forged partnerships for the development of space-borne missions for cost-effective, yet global, hydrologic measurements by building upon the technological advancements since the last two decades. In this article, we review the state-of-the-art on flood monitoring in medium and large ungauged basins where satellite remote sensing can facilitate development of a cost-effective mechanism. We present our review in the context of the current hydro-political situation of flood monitoring in flood-prone developing nations situated in international river basins (IRBs). Given the large number of such basins and the difficulty in acquisition of multi-faceted geophysical data, we argue that the conventional data-intensive implementation of physically based hydrologic models that are complex and distributed is time-consuming for global assessment of the utility of proposed global satellite hydrologic missions. A more parsimonious approach is justified at the tolerable expense of accuracy before such missions begin operation. Such a parsimonious approach can subsequently motivate the identified international basins to invest greater effort in conventional and detailed hydrologic studies to design a prototype flood forecasting system in an effort to overcome the hydro-political hurdles to flood monitoring. Through a modeling exercise involving an open-book watershed concept, we demonstrate the value of a parsimonious approach in understanding the utility of NASA-derived satellite rainfall products. It is critical now that real-world operational flood forecasting agencies in the under-developed world come forward to collaborate with the research community in order to leverage satellite rainfall data for greater societal benefit for inhabitants in IRBs.     

Uptake and Accumulation of Arsenic in Different Organs of Carrot Irrigated with As‐Rich Water

Irrigation with arsenic (As)‐rich water in agricultural soil may increase high levels of As in crops and cause food chain contamination. In this study, a greenhouse experiment was established using Spanish agricultural soil (Valladolid and Segovia provinces), that are extensively cultivated for carrot plant, to investigate the process of As uptake, bioaccumulation, and translocation of As from root to shoot and leaves in carrot plant. Arsenic concentrations in different organs of carrot plant, rhizosphere soil, and soil solutions were determined by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). High concentrations of As in irrigation water, and the alkaline and sandy character of this soil enhanced As uptake in carrot plants indicating the potential health risk from consumption of carrots cultivated in these areas. Bioaccumulation of As into the leaves and roots increased with increase of As concentration in irrigation water. Both roots and leaves demonstrated a higher accumulation rate of As at an As concentration of 41 than 131 µg L^?1 in the soil solution. The ratios of As_root/As_leaves showed no statistically significant differences for the different irrigation treatments, and had an average value of 0.36 indicating the high magnitude of As translocation from roots to leaves in carrot plants. The leaves of carrots had a higher affinity for As than roots did. The correlation between As uptake by leaves or roots of carrots and the soluble As in rhizosphere soil did not demonstrate a linear or a plateau curve, indicating a slow but continuous constant As absorption which could be prolonged over time with high potential environmental risks.     

A numerical study on the impact of thermal alterations in porous media during hot fluid injection process employing a modified Boussinesq model

The Oberbeck-Boussinesq (OB) approximation is widely employed as a simplifying assumption for density-dependent flow problems. It reduces the governing differential equations to simpler forms, which can be handled analytically or numerically. In this study, a modified OB model is formulated to account for the variation of rock permeability and porosity with temperature during the hot fluid injection process in an oil-saturated porous medium under the assumption of local thermal equilibrium (LTE). The mathematical model is solved numerically using a fully implicit control volume finite difference discretization with the successive over relaxation (SOR) method to handle the non-linearity. Subsequently, the numerical model is validated with the analytical solution of the simplified problem successfully. Through detailed sensitivity analyses, the simulation results reveal the hot fluid injection rate as the most important operational parameter to be optimized for a successful thermal flood. The numerical runs show that that for single-phase core-flood simulation, the effect of temperature on the rock absolute permeability and porosity can be neglected without introducing any significant errors in the estimated recovery and temperature profile.     

Palaeoproterozoic U–Pb SHRIMP zircon age from basement rocks in Bangladesh: A possible remnant of the Columbia supercontinent

We present new U–Pb SHRIMP zircon geochronological data for basement rocks in Bangladesh, and discuss the relationship with the formation of the Columbia supercontinent. Euhedral zircons from a diorite sample yield a concordia age of 1730 ± 11 Ma, which is interpreted as the crystallization age. The Palaeoproterozoic age of the examined basement rock and the common occurrences of similar 1.7-Ga geologic units in the Central Indian Tectonic Zone and Meghalaya-Shillong Plateau in Indian Shield suggest their apparent continuation. This, together with the occurrence of similar 1.7-Ga geologic units in the Albany-Fraser belt in Australia and East Antarctica, are used to suggest that the basement rocks in Bangladesh formed towards the final stages of the assembly of the Columbia supercontinent.     

Soil–landform development of a part of the fold belt along the eastern coast of Bangladesh

The evolution of landforms and soils from the Jaldi and Maiskhali anticlines and adjoining areas in a part of the coastal region of the north–south trending fold belt of Bangladesh during the Late Quaternary Period has been investigated. Based on the degree of soil development and luminescence dating, eight soil geomorphic units have been deciphered and grouped into four members (I–IV) of a morphostratigraphic sequence for the study area. Various soil geomorphic units included in different member/sub-members are: Member I—river floodplains and active tidal flats (< 500 years); Member II—distal Piedmont Plains and old tidal flats (0.5–2 ka); Member III—proximal Piedmont Plains (6–10 ka); and Member IV—Mainland Higher and Lower Hillocks and Island Hillocks (> 15 ka). Member IV is further subdivided into Sub-member IVa—Island Hillocks (15–18 ka); Sub-member IVb—Mainland Lower Hillocks (23–25 ka); and Sub-member IVc—Mainland Higher Hillocks (30–35 ka).The youngest and poorly developed soils of Member I show features related to hydromorphism. Moderately developed soils of Members II and III show a fersiallitisation stage of pedogenesis. Member IV includes ‘strongly developed soils’ with a ferrugination stage of pedogenesis. These soils also exhibit degradation and poor birefringence of argillans and ferriargillans, indicating a significant change in conditions of pedogenesis, probably related to a paleoclimatic change from a subhumid to semiarid phase (40 ka to about 16 ka) to a hot humid to subhumid phase (16 ka–present). Parent material composition and physiography also have affected the pedogenesis in the area.Based on ages and heights above the mean sea level for the five terraces recognized in the study area, the overall base-level rise rates calculated are about 3.6 mm/year (18 ka–present) for the Maiskhali Island and 2.86 mm/year (35 ka–present) for the mainland (Jaldi anticline). These base level changes represent combined effects of eustatic sea level and tectonic uplift due to folding.     

Characterization and advanced oxidation treatment of dyeing effluent by Fenton’s reagent

Textile effluent from dyeing process has been a serious environmental threat for years. This study was intended to evaluate the performance of Fenton’s process for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), colour and turbidity. Experiments were conducted by laboratory-scale reactors fed with cotton dyeing effluent. The Fenton process employs ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide H₂O₂ under acidic pH conditions. The experimental variables studied include doses of iron salts and hydrogen peroxide, oxidation time, pH for oxidation and coagulation. The COD, color and turbidity removal reached a maximum of 97.2, 96.8 and 84.8% respectively at a reaction time of 20 min under optimum doses of H₂O₂ and Fe²⁺. Hydrogen peroxide dose ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 mL/500 mL and FeSO₄ · 7H₂O in the range of 0.5–4.0 gm/500 mL were selected to be examined at different reaction times between 10 and 30 min. Optimum dose of hydrogen peroxide and ferrous sulphate were 2.0 mL and 1.0 gm respectively for 500 mL of sample. In this study optimized pH 4.0 and 6.0 was found effective for oxidation and coagulation respectively.     

A simple and inexpensive method for muddy shore profiling

There are several well-established methods for obtaining beach profiles, and more accurate and precise high-tech methods are emerging. Traditional low-cost methods requiring minimal user skill or training are still popular among professionals, scientists, and coastal zone management practitioners. Simple methods are being developed with a primary focus on sand and gravel beaches. This paper describes a simple, low-cost, manual field method for measuring profiles of beaches, which is particularly suitable for muddy shores. The equipment is a type of flexible U-tube manometer that uses liquid columns in vertical tubes to measure differences in elevation; the supporting frame is constructed from wooden poles with base disks, which hold measuring scales and a PVC tube. The structure was trialed on a mudflat characterized by a 20~0-cm-thick surface layer of silt and clay, located at the Kutubdia Island, Bangladesh. The study results are discussed with notes on the method＇s applicability, advantages and limitations, and several optional modifications for different scenarios for routine profiling of muddy shores. The equipment can be used by one person or two people, and the accuracy of the method is comparable to those in other methods. The equipment can also be used on sandy or gravel beaches.