地质环境信息系统上线安全检测工作实践

本文针对地质环境领域业务系统的特点,提出了一种信息系统上线安全检测的方法,深入探讨了上线安全检测实践中的基本流程、测评方法与测评成果,为提升地质环境信息系统安全运行和服务能力提供了技术支撑.     

Solar Wind and Chromospheric Network

A physical model of the transition region, including upflow of the plasma in magnetic field funnels that are open to the overlying corona, is presented. A numerical study of the effects of Alfvén waves on the heating and acceleration of the nascent solar wind originating in the chromospheric network is carried out within the framework of a two-fluid model for the plasma. It is shown that waves with reasonable amplitudes can, through their pressure gradient together with the thermal pressure gradient, cause a substantial initial acceleration of the wind (on scales of a few Mm) to locally supersonic flows in the rapidly expanding magnetic field trunks of the transition region network. The concurrent proton heating is due to the energy supplied by cyclotron damping of the high-frequency Alfvén waves, which are assumed to be created through small-scale magnetic activity. The wave energy flux of the model is given as a condition at the upper chromosphere boundary, located above the thin layer where the first ionization of hydrogen takes place.Among the new numerical results are the following: Alfvén waves with an assumed f ^-1 power spectrum in the frequency range from 1 to ⁴ Hz, and with an integrated mean amplitude ranging between 25 and 75 km s⁴, can produce very fast acceleration and also heating through wave dissipation. This can heat the lower corona to a temperature of 5× 10⁵ K at a height of h=12,000 km, starting from 5× 10⁴ K at h=3000 km. The resulting thermal and wave pressure gradients can accelerate the wind to speeds of up to 150 km s^-1 at h=12,000 km, starting from 20 km s^-1 at h=3000 km in a rapidly diverging flux tube. Thus the nascent solar wind becomes supersonic at heights well below the classical Parker-Type sonic point. This is a consequence of the fact that any large wave-energy flux, if it is to be conducted through the expanding funnel to the corona, implies the building-up of an associated wave-pressure gradient. Because of the diverging field geometry, this might lead to a strong initial acceleration of the flow. There is a multiplicity of solutions, depending mainly on the coronal pressure. Here we discuss two new (as compared with a static transition region model) possibilities, namely that either the flow remains supersonic or slows down abruptly by shock formation, which then yields substantial coronal heating up to the canonical 10⁶ K for the proton temperature.     

峨眉山之雨量

地理位置欲充分了解峨眉多雨之原因必先明瞭其地理位置。峨眉位北纬二十九度二十八分,东经一○三度四十一分,居四川西南部,去省会成都一五0公里.其山自东高起拔海三0七0公尺,山巅高出峨眉县城二公里,在岷江流域     

Analysis of the coupled relationship between grain yields and agricultural labor changes in China

In this paper we establish a model that expresses the coupled relationship between grain yield and agricultural labor changes in China, and present a preliminary discussion of the coupled processes involved in changes in these factors at the county level. Thus, we develop two coefficients on the basis of county-level statistical data for grain yield and agricultural labor for the years 1991, 2000, and 2010, namely, the grain-labor elasticity coefficient (GLEC) and the agricultural labor-transfer effect coefficient (ALTEC). The results of this study show that during the transformation process of agricultural development in China, different kinds of coupled relationships between grain yield and agricultural labor changes co-existed at the same time. For example, between 1991 and 2010, counties characterized by three different coupled modes (i.e., increasing grain yield and decreasing agricultural labor, increasing grain yield and agricultural labor, and decreasing grain yield and agricultural labor) account for 48.85%, 29.11%, and 19.74% of the total across the study area, respectively. Interestingly, a coupled relationship between increasing grain yield and decreasing agricultural labor is mainly concentrated in the traditional farming areas of China, while a coupled relationship between increasing grain yield and agricultural labor is primarily concentrated in pastoral areas and agro-pastoral ecotones in underdeveloped western China. At the same time, a coupled relationship between decreasing grain yield and agricultural labor is concentrated in areas that have experienced a rapid development transition in agriculture, especially the developed southeastern coast of China. The results of this study also show that between 1991 and 2010, 1961 counties experienced a decline in the proportion of agricultural labor; of these, 1452 are also characterized by increasing grain yield, 72.38% of the total. This coupled relationship between grain yield and changes in the proportion of agricultural labor shows a stepped fluctuation and has continually strengthened over time. Data show that mean values for the GLEC and ALTEC increased from–0.25 and–2.93 between 1991 and 2000 to–0.16 and–1.78 between 2000 and 2010, respectively. These changes in GLEC and ALTEC illustrate that the influence of agricultural labor changes on increasing grain yields has gradually diminished. Finally, the results of this study reveal that the ‘Hu Huanyong Line’ is a significant boundary sub-dividing this coupled relationship between grain yield and changes in agricultural labor.     

秦巴山区煌斑岩特征与金成矿的关系

秦巴山区煌斑岩脉广泛分布,岩脉时代主要有加里东期、印支期、燕山-喜山期。大部分含金煌斑岩产于古生代地层中,主要是志留系和泥盆系的细碎屑岩类。本文主要讨论了秦巴山区煌斑岩与金成矿关系,并指出构造破碎作用在成岩成矿中的重要地位。脉体与围岩的同化混染作用、蚀变作用与氧化作用促使金的活化、迁移、富集成矿。     

秦岭地区黄铁矿特征与金矿关系的研究

根据秦岭地区金矿床中黄铁矿特征,总结出典型的微细浸染型和含金石英脉型两种类型矿床特征。黄铁矿与金矿关系密切,含金黄铁矿多产于成矿的富集地段。通过对该区黄铁矿标型特征(晶形、粒级与热电性和微量元素)的系统研究,认为黄铁矿标型特征的研究,对深部找金矿与远景评价具有指导意义。     

中国近117年年平均气温变化的区域特征研究

用ＲＥＯＦ法以１６０站近４７年的年平均气温变化为依据将我国分为８个年平均气温变化区．以国内及临近国家长资料序列为基础,建立了反映我国各区及全国近１１７年的年平均气温标准化序列．从近１１７年气温变化来看,Ｉ～ＶＩＩ区都有升温趋势,全国平均气温的升温趋势为０．７６℃／１００ａ,北半球陆地则为０．６４℃／１００ａ．最大的为东北,华北、新疆,最小的为四川、贵州．从年代际尺度看我国与北半球陆地的平均气温的变化是相当一致的,相关系数高达０．９３,主要差别在于年际变化．     

秦岭地区砂金分布特征与成矿机理

秦岭地区砂金矿床大部分分布在嘉陵江、汉水及其它们的支流流域。总结了砂金矿床分布特征,并将３种类型进行了对比。系统地对矿源、搬运、储存和富集的成矿模式、成因机理进行了研究。地貌与产构造运动在成矿中占有重要地位。     

中国湖泊学研究进展

本文从六个方面概述了中国湖泊资源利用与湖泊学研究进展:1.湖泊考察与综合调查;2.物理湖泊学研究;3.湖泊沉积与古湖泊学研究;4.水生生物与生态学研究;5.湖泊水化学与环境保护研究;6.湖泊资源开发利用研究.     

An improved earthquake catalogue (<Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis> ≥ 4.0) for Turkey and its near vicinity (1900–2012)

Many catalogues, agency reports and research articles have been published on seismicity of Turkey and its surrounding since 1950s. Given existing magnitude heterogeneity, erroneous information on epicentral location, event date and time, this past published data however is far from fulfilling the required standards. Paucity of a standardized format in the available catalogues have reinforced the need for a refined and updated catalogue for earthquake related hazard and risk studies. During this study, ~37,000 earthquakes and related parametric data were evaluated by utilizing more than 41 published studies and, an integrated database was prepared in order to analyse all parameters acquired from the catalogues and references for each event. Within the scope of this study, the epicentral locations of M ≥ 5.0 events were firstly reappraised based on the updated Active Fault Map of Turkey. An improved catalogue of 12.674 events for the period 1900–2012 was as a result recompiled for the region between 32–45N° and 23–48E° by analyzing in detail accuracy of all seismological parameters available for each event. The events consist of M ≥ 4.0 are reported in several magnitude scales (e.g. moment magnitude, M_w; surface wave magnitude, M_S; body-wave magnitude m_b; local magnitude M_L and duration magnitude M_d) whereas the maximum focal depth reaches up to 225-km. In order to provide homogenous data, the improved catalogue is unified in terms of M_w. Fore-and aftershocks were also removed from the catalogue and completeness analyses were performed both separately for various tectonic sources and as a whole for the study region of interest. Thus, the prepared homogenous and declustered catalogue consisting of 6573 events provides the basis for a reliable input to the seismic hazard assessment studies for Turkey and its surrounding areas.