Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

中国对虾成虾肠道微生物区系

对野生健康中国对虾成虾肠道微生物区系进行了研究.从其肠道中分离出47株菌,它们分别属于弧菌属、发光杆菌属、不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属、黄杆菌属、气单胞菌属、屈挠杆菌属和色杆菌属8个属.其中弧菌属和发光杆菌属在整个肠道中为优势菌属,不动杆菌属和假单胞菌属为次优势菌属,黄杆菌属、气单胞菌属、屈挠杆菌属和色杆菌属为非优势菌属.在对虾的整个肠道中,前肠和中肠的优势菌属为弧菌属,而后肠的优势菌属为发光杆菌属.在弧菌属中溶藻胶弧菌、漂浮弧菌和坎贝氏弧菌为优势菌,哈唯氏弧菌为非优势菌.前肠、中肠和后肠的菌量分别为1.3×105、2.8×105和1.1×104cfu/虾体.     

Shattering and coagulation of dust grains in interstellar turbulence

We investigate shattering and coagulation of dust grains in turbulent interstellar medium (ISM). The typical velocity of dust grain as a function of grain size has been calculated for various ISM phases based on a theory of grain dynamics in compressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. In this paper, we develop a scheme of grain shattering and coagulation and apply it to turbulent ISM by using the grain velocities predicted by the above turbulence theory. Since large grains tend to acquire large velocity dispersions as shown by earlier studies, large grains tend to be shattered. Large shattering effects are indeed seen in warm ionized medium within a few Myr for grains with radius   a ≳ 10⁻⁶  cm. We also show that shattering in warm neutral medium can limit the largest grain size in ISM  ( a ∼ 2 × 10⁻⁵ cm)  . On the other hand, coagulation tends to modify small grains since it only occurs when the grain velocity is small enough. Coagulation significantly modifies the grain size distribution in dense clouds (DC), where a large fraction of the grains with   a < 10⁻⁶ cm  coagulate in 10 Myr. In fact, the correlation among   R_V   , the carbon bump strength and the ultraviolet slope in the observed Milky Way extinction curves can be explained by the coagulation in DC. It is possible that the grain size distribution in the Milky Way is determined by a combination of all the above effects of shattering and coagulation. Considering that shattering and coagulation in turbulence are effective if dust-to-gas ratio is typically more than ∼1/10 of the Galactic value, the regulation mechanism of grain size distribution should be different between metal-poor and metal-rich environments.     

北极黄河站植物根际土壤放线菌分离培养及其鉴定

通过稀释涂布平板法,对北极黄河站(挪威新奥尔松地区)7种常见植物根际土壤样品进行放线菌的分离培养。经扩增性rDNA限制性酶切片段分析(ARDRA)及16S rDNA序列分析确定放线菌53株,分别属于8个属,除了优势菌链霉菌属(Streptomyces)和节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)外,还发现了红球菌(Rhodococcus)、糖丝菌(Saccharothrix)、拉塞氏杆菌(Rathayibacter)、微球菌(Micrococcus)、诺卡氏菌(Nocardia)、克里贝拉(Kribbella)等6种稀有菌属。     

Optimization of fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） for the identification of two polar coccoid green algae species

Standard FISH protocols using fluorochrome-labeled oligonucteotide probes have been successfully applied for in situ detection.However,optimized protocols of FISH for specific eukaryotes in marine environments are often not developed.This study optimized the conditions of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) by using two polar isolated microalgae.The modified conditions were as follows: (1) 10 mg·mL-1 lysozyme solution pretreatment at 37℃ for 30 min;(2) the hybridization buffer including 20% formamide;(3) the hybridization condition was 47℃ for 6 h. The cells enumerated by FISH were compared with those enumerated by flow eytometry (FCM) and DAPI to confirm the cell loss and hybridization efficiency.The optimized protocol was also successfully applied to Arctic Ocean samples,which were found to be dominated by Micromonas sp.The modified protocol showed a high relative efficiency and could be successfully applied for the detection of specific microbial eukaryotes in environmental samples.     

Dynamic tensile strength of terrestrial rocks and application to impact cratering

Abstract— Dynamic tensile strengths and fracture strengths of 3 terrestrial rocks, San Marcos gabbro, Coconino sandstone, and Sesia eclogite were determined by carrying out flat‐plate (PMMA and aluminum) impact experiments on disc‐shaped samples in the 5 to 60 m/sec range. Tensile stresses of 125 to 300 MPa and 245 to 580 MPa were induced for gabbro and eclogite, respectively (with duration time of ?1 μs). For sandstone (porosity 25%), tensile stresses normal to bedding of ?13 to 55 MPa were induced (with duration times of 2.4 and ?1.4 μs). Tensile crack failure was detected by the onset of shock‐induced (damage) P and S wave velocity reduction. The dynamic tensile strength of gabbro determined from P and S wave velocity deficits agrees closely with the value of previously determined values by post‐impact microscopic examination (?150 MPa). Tensile strength of Coconino sandstone is 20 MPa for a 14 μs duration time and 17 MPa for a 2.4 μs duration time. For Sesia eclogite, the dynamic tensile strength is ?240 MPa. The fracture strength for gabbro is ?250 MPa, ?500 MPa for eclogite, and ?40 MPa for sandstone. Relative crack‐induced reduction of S wave velocities is less than that of post‐impact P wave velocity reductions for both gabbro and eclogite, indicating that the cracks were predominantly spall cracks. Impacts upon planetary surfaces induce tensile failure within shock‐processed rocks beneath the resulting craters. The depth of cracking beneath impact craters can be determined both by seismic refraction methods for rocks of varying water saturation and, for dry conditions (e.g., the Moon), from gravity anomalies. In principle, depth of cracking is related to the equations‐of‐state of projectile and target, projectile dimension, and impact velocity. We constructed a crack‐depth model applicable to Meteor Crater. For the observed 850 m depth of cracking, our preferred strength scaling model yields an impact velocity of 33 km/s and impactor radius of 9 m for an iron projectile.     

Non-resonant grain acceleration in MHD turbulence

We discuss a new type of dust acceleration mechanism that acts in a turbulent magnetized medium. The magnetohydrodynamic turbulence can accelerate grains through resonant as well as non-resonant interactions. We show that the magnetic compression provides higher velocities for super-Alfvénic turbulence and can accelerate an extended range of grains in warm media compared to gyroresonance. While fast modes dominate the acceleration for the large grains, slow modes can be important for submicron grains. We provide comprehensive discussion of all the possible grain acceleration mechanisms in interstellar medium. We show that supersonic velocities are attainable for Galactic dust grains. We discuss the consequence of the acceleration. The implications for extinction curve, grain alignment, chemical abundance etc. are provided.     

基于激光垂直照射沙床面的风成沙波纹二维形态特征分析

风成沙波纹因其规则的波浪形几何图案吸引着研究者的兴趣,但是对其发育过程的认识还比较薄弱.原因之一就是缺少高精度和高分辨率的沙波纹形态动态测量方法.传统的风成沙波纹形态动态测量方法采用的倾斜光源照射方式忽略了沙波纹脊线高度和走向的变化,会导致沙波纹高度测量错误和形态变形.本研究建立的激光片光源垂直照射沙波纹表面的方式纠正...     

海冰细菌研究进展

地球两极海洋上覆盖的海冰为微生物提供了一个极端的生存环境。微生物在这环境中生存需要生理和代谢上的复杂适应机制。现有的研究表明,细菌在海冰中旺盛地生长繁殖,并在极区生态系统中占有重要地位。同时海冰细菌也已成为生命现象多样性等基础研究领域和生物工程领域的新热点。本文就近年来国内外在海冰细菌系统发育组成、生态生理学、生态作用和环境适应等方面所取得的研究进展进行简述,并初步探讨了今后海冰细菌研究中需要解决的一些问题。