全文获取类型
收费全文 | 6644篇 |
免费 | 1239篇 |
国内免费 | 1593篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 274篇 |
大气科学 | 1406篇 |
地球物理 | 1751篇 |
地质学 | 3195篇 |
海洋学 | 993篇 |
天文学 | 219篇 |
综合类 | 855篇 |
自然地理 | 783篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 24篇 |
2023年 | 109篇 |
2022年 | 309篇 |
2021年 | 343篇 |
2020年 | 320篇 |
2019年 | 291篇 |
2018年 | 358篇 |
2017年 | 347篇 |
2016年 | 410篇 |
2015年 | 295篇 |
2014年 | 390篇 |
2013年 | 360篇 |
2012年 | 336篇 |
2011年 | 359篇 |
2010年 | 405篇 |
2009年 | 359篇 |
2008年 | 301篇 |
2007年 | 312篇 |
2006年 | 265篇 |
2005年 | 204篇 |
2004年 | 191篇 |
2003年 | 210篇 |
2002年 | 200篇 |
2001年 | 185篇 |
2000年 | 206篇 |
1999年 | 311篇 |
1998年 | 291篇 |
1997年 | 276篇 |
1996年 | 229篇 |
1995年 | 241篇 |
1994年 | 211篇 |
1993年 | 170篇 |
1992年 | 151篇 |
1991年 | 92篇 |
1990年 | 92篇 |
1989年 | 72篇 |
1988年 | 50篇 |
1987年 | 37篇 |
1986年 | 22篇 |
1985年 | 27篇 |
1984年 | 25篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 18篇 |
1981年 | 17篇 |
1980年 | 12篇 |
1979年 | 12篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1958年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有9476条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
11.
12.
Yulin Ding Yuting Wu Qing Zhu Liguo Zhang Qianqian Sun Weixi Wang 《Transactions in GIS》2023,27(3):797-820
Bridges located in mountainous areas are vulnerable to rockfall accidents, posing a threat to bridge engineering construction and operation safety in these regions. Under the coupling effect of complex environments and engineering disturbances, integrated rockfall risk simulation has become increasingly important for canyon bridge structural protection in long-term construction and operation phases. One of the main scientific challenges in rockfall risk simulation is studying the interaction between rockfalls and the topography and engineering environments during consecutive contacts. To systematically simulate the integrated bridge rockfall risk, an integrated construction of multivariable elements coupled with rockfall risk environments and scenarios is required. In this article, we proposed a VGE-based integrated rockfall scenario simulation method that uses the “associated representation—integrated modelling—interactional simulation” core strategy. Our method constructs a virtual rockfall risk environment by fusing multisource data to represent rockfall factors that induce rockfall disasters, hazard-forming environments, and elements at risk. We design rockfall scenarios under different bridge engineering construction conditions and extreme environmental conditions to analyze the interactional rockfall risks. The results demonstrate that our method enables a systematic analysis of the potential integrated rockfall risk, providing realistic reference value for the timely and effective disposal of emergencies, and reducing the harm and losses caused by such emergencies. 相似文献
13.
Scott J Goetz Alessandro Baccini Nadine T Laporte Tracy Johns Wayne Walker Josef Kellndorfer Richard A Houghton Mindy Sun 《Carbon balance and management》2009,4(1):2-7
Mapping and monitoring carbon stocks in forested regions of the world, particularly the tropics, has attracted a great deal
of attention in recent years as deforestation and forest degradation account for up to 30% of anthropogenic carbon emissions,
and are now included in climate change negotiations. We review the potential for satellites to measure carbon stocks, specifically
aboveground biomass (AGB), and provide an overview of a range of approaches that have been developed and used to map AGB across
a diverse set of conditions and geographic areas. We provide a summary of types of remote sensing measurements relevant to
mapping AGB, and assess the relative merits and limitations of each. We then provide an overview of traditional techniques
of mapping AGB based on ascribing field measurements to vegetation or land cover type classes, and describe the merits and
limitations of those relative to recent data mining algorithms used in the context of an approach based on direct utilization
of remote sensing measurements, whether optical or lidar reflectance, or radar backscatter. We conclude that while satellite
remote sensing has often been discounted as inadequate for the task, attempts to map AGB without satellite imagery are insufficient.
Moreover, the direct remote sensing approach provided more coherent maps of AGB relative to traditional approaches. We demonstrate
this with a case study focused on continental Africa and discuss the work in the context of reducing uncertainty for carbon
monitoring and markets. 相似文献
14.
Yifei Sun 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2002,4(4):359-370
Based on a four-point evaluation system consisting of accuracy, consistency, power, and chance to commit type I errors, this study compares Tango's minimum p (MinP) and Stone's maximum relative risk (MaxRR) methods for detecting focused cluster size through simulations in GIS. It
reveals that the MinP method is more effective than the MaxRR method. The MinP method exhibits higher levels of accuracy and
consistency; and its power and chance to commit type I errors are similar to the MinP method. The MaxRR method has a tendency
to underestimate the cluster size, while the MinP method tends to overestimate the cluster size, particularly when the clusters
are relatively big and have high relative risk levels. In addition, the MinP method seems to be most effective in revealing
the size of clusters when clusters are neither too strong nor too weak. The lowest detection rates for clustering occur when
the clustering signal is relatively weak, which is easily understandable. In practice, it might be useful to use both the
methods to estimate a range of possible cluster sizes, where the MaxRR method indicates the lower estimate, while the MinP
method gives the higher estimate of the cluster size.
Received: 24 August 2002 / Accepted: 20 December 2002 相似文献
15.
The research work has been seldom done about cloverleaf junction expression in a 3-dimensional city model (3DCM). The main reason is that the cloverleaf junction is often in a complex and enormous construction. Its main body is bestraddle in air, and has aerial intersections between its parts. This complex feature made cloverleaf junction quite different from buildings and terrain, therefore, it is difficult to express this kind of spatial objects in the same way as for buildings and terrain. In this paper, authors analyze spatial characteristics of cloverleaf junction, propose an all-constraint points TIN algorithm to partition cloverleaf junction road surface, and develop a method to visualize cloverleaf junction road, surface using TIN. In order to manage cloverleaf junction data efficiently, the authors also analyzed the mechanism of 3DCM data management, extended BLOB type in relational database, and combined R-tree index to manage 3D spatial data. Based on this extension, an appropriate data structure for cloverleaf junction in 3DCM is proposed. 相似文献
16.
Zhenliang Xu Yi Sun Zhenling Ma Yanhuan Li 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2017,45(6):939-943
This paper has established a high-precision hierarchical estimated pose parameters of image. Firstly, we select corresponding three image points of 3D points which constitute the largest area in image as a base, in order to estimate the depth and translate information; then based on the above method, we obtain the scale parameter of camera exterior information. And finally, the topic is transformed to a problem of estimating rotation relationship by vector, using Procrustes theory to obtain the best estimate of the angle elements of exterior parameters. The method can effectively solve problems which depth and coupling pose parameters cannot deal with. Experimental results show that this method of determining position and orientation parameter estimation model is of briefness, easy convergence and it can also achieve higher parameter estimation accuracy than the direct projection matrix factorization. 相似文献
17.
Effects of rapidly changing ionospheric weather are critical in high accuracy positioning, navigation, and communication applications. A system used to construct the global total electron content (TEC) distribution for monitoring the ionospheric weather in near-real time is needed in the modern society. Here we build the TEC map named Taiwan Ionosphere Group for Education and Research (TIGER) Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) from observations of ground-based GNSS receivers and space-based FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3/C) GPS radio occultation observations using the spherical harmonic expansion and Kalman filter update formula. The TIGER GIM (TGIM) will be published in near-real time of 4-h delay with a spatial resolution of 2.5° in latitude and 5° in longitude and a high temporal resolution of every 5 min. The F3/C TEC results in an improvement on the GIM of about 15.5%, especially over the ocean areas. The TGIM highly correlates with the GIMs published by other international organizations. Therefore, the routinely published TGIM in near-real time is not only for communication, positioning, and navigation applications but also for monitoring and scientific study of ionospheric weathers, such as magnetic storms and seismo-ionospheric anomalies. 相似文献
18.
19.
This letter presents a novel method of supervised multiresolution segmentation for synthetic aperture radar images. The method uses a region-based half-tree hierarchical Markov random field model for multiresolution segmentation. To form the region-based multilayer model, the watershed algorithm is employed at each resolution level independently. The nodes of a quadtree in the proposed model are defined as regions instead of pixels. The relationship over scale is studied, and the region-based upward and downward maximization of posterior marginal estimations are deduced. The experimental results for the segmentation of homogeneous areas prove the region-based model much better in terms of robustness to speckle and preservation of edges compared to the pixel-based hierarchical model and the Gibbs sampler with the single-resolution model 相似文献
20.
When travelling, people are accustomed to taking and uploading photos on social media websites, which has led to the accumulation of huge numbers of geotagged photos. Combined with multisource information (e.g. weather, transportation, or textual information), these geotagged photos could help us in constructing user preference profiles at a high level of detail. Therefore, using these geotagged photos, we built a personalised recommendation system to provide attraction recommendations that match a user's preferences. Specifically, we retrieved a geotagged photo collection from the public API for Flickr (Flickr.com) and fetched a large amount of other contextual information to rebuild a user's travel history. We then created a model-based recommendation method with a two-stage architecture that consists of candidate generation (the matching process) and candidate ranking. In the matching process, we used a support vector machine model that was modified for multiclass classification to generate the candidate list. In addition, we used a gradient boosting regression tree to score each candidate and rerank the list. Finally, we evaluated our recommendation results with respect to accuracy and ranking ability. Compared with widely used memory-based methods, our proposed method performs significantly better in the cold-start situation and when mining ‘long-tail’ data. 相似文献