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181.
Andreas Krein Holger Klinck Michael Eiden Wolfhard Symader Reinhard Bierl Lucien Hoffmann Laurent Pfister 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2008,33(1):152-163
This article deals with the following two questions. Are acoustic measurements in running waters appropriate for a highly resolved investigation of the bedload transport? Which characterizations of the bedload regarding mass and shape are possible via the acoustic signals? The signals were recorded by means of data recorders (Tascam Inc. DAP1 Portable Data Recorder) and hydrophones (International Transducer Corp. ITC‐4001 A). The ITC‐4001 is a shallow water omnidirectional transducer containing a flexural disc transducer utilizing Channelite‐5400 ceramics mounted in a rugged corrosion‐resistant housing. These hydrophones were screwed onto the bottom side of stainless steel plates, serving as a contact surface for the bedload in motion above them. After more than 100 series of tests in the laboratory, which indicated the basic relations between the dimension, shape and weight of the bedload and the resulting signal, field tests of the measuring system were conducted. By artificially produced flood waves in the small brooks Riverisbach, Olewiger Bach and by a winter flood wave in the River Moselle, it is possible to elaborate similar structures of the signal course of the bedload movement. The highest transport rates can be observed at the beginning of the increasing limbs and behind the peaks of the waves. At the beginning of the waves, the increasing transport power of the water and the loose material can be considered as the cause for this result. The high stream velocity behind the wave peaks explains the increase in the bedload transport so that material from the channel beds is unfastened and will be mobilized. The characterization of the bedload regarding the shape and mass is still limited regarding the field measurements and could be solved only for homogeneous grain sizes and single stones under laboratory conditions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
182.
Experimental results of pressure-induced changes in mean magnetic susceptibility of rock samples from the main KTB borehole are reported. It was found that susceptibility values of rocks from depths between 5200 and 7000 m show unstable behaviour upon application of pressure, showing an increase in susceptibility of between 20 and 120%. This unstable behaviour was only detected in samples from the above mentioned depth interval, which contain both ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of pyrrhotite. On the basis of thermomagnetic analysis, magnetic field treatment, optical microscopy and domain observations of undeformed and deformed samples, reasons for this instability are discussed and interpreted in relation to redistribution of internal stresses within the ferrimagnetic phase, resulting in changes in domain wall mobility. 相似文献
183.
This investigation was carried out within the scope of EU-FP5 project MAGPROX. In parallel with the work of Kalinski et al. (2004, submitted), in which the magnetic signatures of the same soil profiles were analysed in more detail. The ‘hot spot’ under investigation was situated in the Lausitz area, Eastern Germany, between two major power plants, Schwarze Pumpe and Boxberg. This heavily industrialized region is known as the Black Triangle, named after the large lignite deposits and the old-technology power plants, among other petrochemical plants, refineries, textile manufacturing and glasswork industries. The relationship between magnetic parameters and heavy metal concentrations (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, Co and Ni) in soil profiles was determined statistically using linear regression analysis. Strong positive correlation was observed between heavy metal concentrations as viewed preliminarily from the heavy metal and magnetic susceptibility distributions with depth (soil profiles), and from the correlation coefficients obtained.MAGPROX team–FP5 RTD Project No. EVK2-CT-1999-00019 相似文献
184.
Expansive clay buffers in radioactive waste disposal designs experience cyclic drying and wetting paths during different stages of their design life. Clayey soils subjected to these processes develop swelling and shrinkage deformations, which give rise to the accumulation of compression or expansion strains during suction cycles. Experimental studies were undertaken using oedometer tests on an artificially prepared bentonite-sand mixture (80% bentonite by dry mass). In order to study these processes and to identify the most important features controlling soil behaviour, several wetting-drying cycles with suctions ranging between 130 and 4 MPa were applied using vapour equilibrium technique and covering a wide range of overconsolidation ratios (OCR). The tested samples showed cumulative shrinkage strains along the successive cycles, which became more significant at increasing vertical net stresses (low OCR values). However, no accumulation of expansion strains was detected at elevated OCR values. Test results were interpreted and predicted within the context of an elastoplastic model proposed by Alonso et al., 1999, [Alonso, E.E., Vaunat, J., Gens, A., (1999). Modelling the mechanical behaviour of expansive clays. Engineering Geology, 54, 173-183.] which takes into account the accumulation of strains. A good correspondence between measured soil response and model predictions was observed. The paper also presents the methodology to derive the constitutive parameters. 相似文献
185.
New trends in marine chemical ecology 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A. Ianora M. Boersma R. Casotti A. Fontana J. Harder F. Hoffmann H. Pavia P. Potin S. A. Poulet G. Toth 《Estuaries and Coasts》2006,29(4):531-551
This essay is the outcome of a colloquium convened in November 2005 at the Benthos Laboratory of the Stazione Zoologica Anton
Dohrn in Ischia, Italy, on chemical ecology and the role of secondary metabolites in the structuring and functioning of marine
biodiversity. The participants of the workshop are part of the European Network of Excellence MarBEF (Marine Biodiversity
and Ecosystem Function), a consortium of 56 European marine institutes to integrate and disseminate knowledge and expertise
on marine biodiversity. Here we review some of the new trends and emerging topics in marine chemical ecology. The first section
deals with microbial chemical interactions. Microbes communicate with each other using diffusible molecules such as N-acylhomoserine
lactones (AHL). These are regulators in cell-density-dependent gene regulation (quorum sensing) controlling microbial processes.
In chemical interactions with higher organisms, microbes can act either as harmful pathogens that are repelled by the host’s
chemical defense or as beneficial symbionts. These symbionts are sometimes the true producers of the host’s secondary metabolites
that have defensive and protective functions for their hosts. We also describe how allelochemicals can shape phytoplankton
communities by regulating competition for available resources, and also interactions among individuals of the same species.
Compounds such as the diatom-derived unsaturated aldehydes have been demonstrated to act as info chemicals, and they possibly
function as a diffusible bloom-termination signal that triggers an active cell death and bloom termination at sea. The same
molecules have also been shown to interfere with the reproductive capacity of grazing animals deterring future generations
of potential predators. Such compounds differ from those that act as feeding deterrents since they do not target the predator
but its offspring. Many of the neurotoxins produced by dinoflagellates act as feeding deterrents, and laboratory experiments
have shown that ingestion of these algae by some microzooplankton and macrozooplankton can cause acute, responses such as
death, incapacitation, altered swimming behavior, and reduced fecundity and egg-hatching success. These effects may rarely
occur in nature because of low individual grazing rates on dinoflagellate cells and grazing on other food sources such as
microflagellates and diatoms. We also consider the nutritional component of marine plant-herbivore interactions, especially
in the plankton, and the information available on the effects of growing conditions of algae on the production of toxic metabolites.
Species producing saxitoxins seem to consistently produce the highest amounts of toxins (on a per cell basis) in the exponential
phase of growth, and there is a decrease in their production under nitrogen, but not under phosphorus stress, where the production
actually increases. We try to explain the circumstances under which organisms defend themselves chemically and argue that
the most likely explanatory model for the production of secondary metabolites used for defense in planktonic organisms is
the carbon nutrient balance hypothesis, which predicts that most algae produce their toxins mainly under conditions where
carbon is in excess and nitrogen (or other nutrients) is limiting. We also discuss chemically mediated macroalgal-herbivore
interactions in the benthos and the large variation in concentration of seaweed defense metabolites at different spatial and
temporal scales. Seaweeds have been shown to produce a large variety of secondary metabolites with highly variable chemical
structures such as terpenoids, acetogenins, amino acid derivates, and polyphenols. Many of these compounds probably have multiple
simultaneous functions for the seaweeds and can act as allelopathic, antimicrobial, and antifouling or ultraviolet-screening
agents, as well as herbivore deterrents. We also provide examples of interactions between marine benthic invertebrates, especially
sponges, molluscs, and cnidarians, that are mediated by specific secondary metabolites and discuss the role of these in shaping
benthic communities. 相似文献
186.
M. Knab V. Hoffmann E. Petrovský A. Kapička N. Jordanova E. Appel 《Environmental Geology》2006,49(4):527-535
Measuring magnetic susceptibility is a method which is used to estimate the amount of magnetic particles in soils, sediments
or dusts. Changes in magnetic susceptibility can be due to various reasons: input from different sources of sediments, e.g.
from different soils or rocks, atmospheric fallout of anthropogenic dusts containing magnetic particles produced by fossil
fuel combustion, steel production or road traffic. In the case of river sediments, input from the catchment is of primary
significance. The main aim of this investigation was to test the potential of magnetic susceptibility screening in identifying
the effect and significance of anthropogenic activities in an area with complex geological conditions. We investigated the
magnetic susceptibility of riverbed sediments of the largest river of the Czech Republic, the Moldau river. Besides that,
the magnetic signal of nearby topsoils as well as of outcropping bedrocks in the vicinity of the river was examined. In the
upper 300 km of the river, the magnetic enhancement of the river sediments can be linked to anthropogenic activities. Positive
correlations were found in the river sediments between the contents of Cu and Zn and magnetic susceptibility, while Fe, Mn
and Ni did not show a correlation with magnetic susceptibility. However, the major geogenic magnetic anomaly in the area around
the Slapy dam has made it impossible to unambiguously interpret the magnetic signal in terms of anthropogenic impact in the
last 80 km downstream. 相似文献
187.
Kristoffer Szilas Vincent J. Van Hinsberg Alex F.M. Kisters J. Elis Hoffmann Brian F. Windley Thomas F. Kokfelt Anders Scherstén Robert Frei Minik T. Rosing Carsten Münker 《Gondwana Research》2013,23(2):436-451
The Tartoq Group, located in SW Greenland, consists of supracrustal rocks of mainly tholeiitic basaltic composition, including pillow lavas, sills/dykes and gabbros, as well as ultramafic rocks. Metamorphic grade ranges from greenschist facies to granulite facies. The Tartoq Group crops out as a series of blocks and slivers that are imbricated with originally intrusive Mesoarchaean TTG orthogneisses. The supracrustal rocks form part of a SE vergent fold and thrust belt consistent with the imbrication of TTG gneisses and supracrustal rocks along a convergent margin. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon dating of an intrusive TTG sheet yields a minimum age of 2986 ± 4 Ma for the Tartoq Group. This age is consistent with MC-ICP-MS Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd isotopic whole-rock data for mafic samples from different blocks of the Tartoq Group, which yield errorchron ages of 3189 ± 65 Ma and 3068 ± 220 Ma, respectively. The mafic supracrustal rocks of the Tartoq Group have chondrite-normalized REE patterns with LaCN/SmCN of 0.67–1.96 and rather flat primitive mantle-normalized multi-element patterns, except for scattered LILE contents, and generally negative Nb-anomalies with Nb/Nb* of 0.26–1.31. Th/Yb varies between 0.06 and 0.47 and Nb/Yb between 0.45 and 4.4 indicative of an arc affinity when compared to rocks from modern settings. The similar geochemistry of the different lithological units, together with their coeval formation, as evident from trace element geochemical trends, supports a co-magmatic origin for the rock assemblage and their formation as imbricated relics of oceanic crust. Accordingly, we propose that the Tartoq Group represents remnants of Mesoarchaean oceanic crust, which formed in a suprasubduction zone geodynamic environment. 相似文献
188.
Nathan E. Bramall Richard Quinn Andrew Mattioda Kathryn Bryson Julie D. Chittenden Amanda Cook Cindy Taylor Giovanni Minelli Pascale Ehrenfreund Antonio J. Ricco David Squires Orlando Santos Charles Friedericks David Landis Nykola C. Jones Farid Salama Louis J. Allamandola Søren V. Hoffmann 《Planetary and Space Science》2012,60(1):121-130
The Space Environment Viability of Organics (SEVO) experiment is one of two scientific payloads aboard the triple-cube satellite Organism/ORganic Exposure to Orbital Stresses (O/OREOS). O/OREOS is the first technology demonstration mission of the NASA Astrobiology Small Payloads Program. The 1-kg, 1000-cm3 SEVO cube is investigating the chemical evolution of organic materials in interstellar space and planetary environments by exposing organic molecules under controlled conditions directly to the low-Earth orbit (LEO) particle and electromagnetic radiation environment. O/OREOS was launched on November 19, 2010 into a 650-km, 72°-inclination orbit and has a nominal operational lifetime of six months. Four classes of organic compounds, namely an amino acid, a quinone, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and a metallo-porphyrin are being studied. Initial reaction conditions were established by hermetically sealing the thin-film organic samples in self-contained micro-environments. Chemical changes in the samples caused by direct exposure to LEO radiation and by interactions with the irradiated microenvironments are monitored in situ by ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared (UV/VIS/NIR) absorption spectroscopy using a novel compact fixed-grating CCD spectrometer with the Sun as its light source. The goals of the O/OREOS mission include: (1) demonstrating key small satellite technologies that can enable future low-cost astrobiology experiments, (2) deploying a miniature UV/VIS/NIR spectrometer suitable for in-situ astrobiology and other scientific investigations, (3) testing the capability to establish a variety of experimental reaction conditions to enable the study of astrobiological processes on small satellites, and (4) measuring the chemical evolution of organic molecules in LEO under conditions that can be extrapolated to interstellar and planetary environments. In this paper, the science and technology development of the SEVO instrument payload and its measurements are described. 相似文献
189.
Jérôme Carrayrou Joachim Hoffmann Peter Knabner Serge Kräutle Caroline de Dieuleveult Jocelyne Erhel Jan Van der Lee V. Lagneau K. Ulrich Mayer Kerry T. B. MacQuarrie 《Computational Geosciences》2010,14(3):483-502
Although multicomponent reactive transport modeling is gaining wider application in various geoscience fields, it continues
to present significant mathematical and computational challenges. There is a need to solve and compare the solutions to complex
benchmark problems, using a variety of codes, because such intercomparisons can reveal promising numerical solution approaches
and increase confidence in the application of reactive transport codes. In this contribution, the results and performance
of five current reactive transport codes are compared for the 1D and 2D subproblems of the so-called easy test case of the
MoMaS benchmark (Carrayrou et al., Comput Geosci, 2009, this issue). This benchmark presents a simple fictitious reactive transport problem that highlights the main numerical difficulties
encountered in real reactive transport problems. As a group, the codes include iterative and noniterative operator splitting
and global implicit solution approaches. The 1D easy advective and 1D easy diffusive scenarios were solved using all codes,
and, in general, there was a good agreement, with solution discrepancies limited to regions with rapid concentration changes.
Computational demands were typically consistent with what was expected for the various solution approaches. The differences
between solutions given by the three codes solving the 2D problem are more important. The very high computing effort required
by the 2D problem illustrates the importance of parallel computations. The most important outcome of the benchmark exercise
is that all codes are able to generate comparable results for problems of significant complexity and computational difficulty. 相似文献
190.
Siegesmund S. Steenken A. López de Luchi M. G. Wemmer K. Hoffmann A. Mosch S. 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2004,93(1):23-43
Within the southern part of the Sierra Pampeanas (the Sierra de San Luis, Argentina), a series of extensive intrusive bodies are regarded to post-date the Famatinian cycle but were emplaced during the Achalian, a period of heterogeneous deformation along crustal scale fault zones. The largest of those is the Las Chacras-Potrerillos batholith that is situated at the northern end of the transpressive, sinistral Guzmán shear zone. This composite pluton exhibits three sub-domains that comprise two granitoid sub-units each: The southern Potrerillos stock (muscovite-bearing red granite and biotite-bearing red granite) and the central (biotite porphyritic granite and giant porphyritic granite) and northern domain (equigranular granite and porphyritic granite) of the Las Chacras stock. The crystallisation ages of the biotite porphyritic granite is around 381 Ma (U/Pb on zircons and Pb/Pb on sphene), while the host rock was already cooled below 350 °C at 420 Ma. Thermal modelling approaches favour a pulsed intrusion with a duration of 1.5 Ma. The emplacement was followed by rapid cooling below the muscovite cooling temperature. Biotite cooling ages in different sub-units reflect either a long-lasting cooling history of approximately 30 Ma (which is supported by the modelling) or a reheating effect at around 350 Ma. Devonian-age determinations on the fault rocks and granitoids point to a syn-tectonic emplacement of the batholith. The pluton is interpreted to be positioned at the crossover of sinistral shear zones. The origin of this NNE directed extensional setting in a transpressive regime seems to be related to the transfer of displacement along a secondary set of NNW-trending sinistral faults. The final emplacement is due to a subsequent ballooning of the batholith following the direction of space creation. This model is based on the relative timing of the emplacement sequence and macroscopically visible planar fabrics in the field as well as magnetic fabric data. Our results indicate that the emplacement is syn-kinematic with respect to the Achalian deformation event. 相似文献