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111.
D/H fractionation factors between serpentine (clinochrysotile) and water were experimentally determined to be: 1000 In αser-w = 2.75 × 10 7/T2 ? 7.69 × 104/T + 40.8 in the temperature range from 100 to 500°C. The present results do not support the semi-empirical fractionation factors employed by Wenner and Taylor [1] for the interpretation of δD values of natural serpentines. About 100 serpentines from the Japanese Islands have δD values from ?110 to ?40‰ SMOW, with antigorite being from ?40 to ?60‰. The results are in accord with the two conclusions by Wenner and Taylor [1,2], that is, the presence of a latitude ?δD correlation and the more uniform and higher δD values of antigorite than chrysotile and lizardite.According to the present fractionation factors, almost none of the continental lizardite-chrysotile serpentines could have formed at a temperature below 500°C under equilibrium with fluids of δD values similar to the present-day local meteoric waters. The fluid responsible for oceanic serpentinization could be either a mixture of oceanic and magmatic water or oceanic water alone. However, full interpretation of the δD values of natural serpentines should wait until kinetic behaviors of hydrogen isotopes in serpentinization are better understood. 相似文献
112.
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114.
Fugacity-concentration relationship of dilute hydrogen in water at elevated temperature and pressure
The fugacity vs. concentration ratio(Y) of dilute hydrogen dissolved in water was determined at temperatures below 500°C and pressures below 1000 bar by measuring H2 concentrations in magnetite-hematite-water and palladium hydride-water systems. Combining these results with reported solubility data of H2 in water and with the Shaw's expression for the activity-composition relationship of H2H2O mixture at higher temperatures, theP-T-Y diagram was constructed over theP-T range below 900°C and 1000 bar. 相似文献
115.
The parameterm in Ishimoto-Iida's relation was investigated for acoustic emissions (AEs) occurring in rock samples under uniaxial compression. In the experiment, we found: 1) The large AEs are counted without serious error but the number of small AEs is systematically underestimated at high AE rates, 2) the frequency distribution of maximum AE amplitudes becomes nonlinear in logarithmic scale with increasing AE rate, and 3) there exists a strong negative correlation betweenm-value and AE rate. The miscount of small AEs was interpreted as due to overlap of the large and small AEs. We call the miscount masking effect. A statistical analysis based on the masking effect showed that them-value decreases more effectively as the AE rate increases, and thus the masking effect is a possible origin both for the nonlinear frequency distribution of maximum AE amplitudes and for the negative correlation ofm-value with AE rate. We emphasize that one should be careful of the masking effect to examine correctly the change, ofm-value. In order to eliminate the masking effect, AEs should be measured by a measurement system with low sensitivity. Even if the masking effect is eliminated, them-value decreases before the main fracture of a rock sample. Them-value is a key parameter to predict the main fracture. 相似文献
116.
The interaction of the isotropic stellar wind with the rotating isothermal cloud surrounding the young star is investigated. The density distribution of the cloud is taken as that for the equilibrium state of the rotating isothermal cloud modified by adding the rarefied interstellar gas in the polar region. The development of the shock envelope and the structure of the shell induced by the stellar wind are obtained. It is shown that the envelope of the shock front elongates and opens to the polar direction with half opening angle of about 20 degrees resulting the bipolar flow which is able to reproduce well the observed properties for the outflow in the bipolar sources. 相似文献
117.
我们对日本西南部南海俯冲板块界面过渡带发生的超低频地震进行报道。由矩震级为3.1~3.5的超低频地震引起的地震波显示其卓越长周期约为20s。超低频地震活动伴随深源低频颤动和慢滑事件同时发生,并随之移动。慢地震一直被认为会增加向上倾斜的大型逆冲地震断裂带上的应力,而这3种现象的同时发生提高了人们对慢地震的探测和特性鉴定水平。 相似文献
118.
A new criterion is proposed for a more efficient assessment of free-surface particles in a particle-based simulation. Enhanced wave impact simulations are carried out by improved Incompressible SPH (ISPH) methods. The first improvement is the same as that in the Corrected ISPH (CISPH; [Khayyer A, Gotoh, H, Shao SD. Corrected incompressible SPH method for accurate water-surface tracking in breaking waves, Coast Eng 2008; 55 (3): 236–250]) method and is proposed for the improvement of momentum conservation. The second improvement is achieved by deriving and employing a higher order source term based on a more accurate differentiation to obtain a less fluctuating and more accurate pressure field. The enhanced performance of improved ISPH methods is demonstrated through the simulation of several fluid impact simulations in comparison with the experimental data and simulation results by other numerical methods. 相似文献
119.
Kaul Gena Hitoshi Chiba Katsuo Kase Kazuo Nakashima Daizo Ishiyama 《Resource Geology》2013,63(4):360-370
A sulfide chimney ore sampled from the flank of the active Tiger vent area in the Yonaguni Knoll IV hydrothermal field, south Okinawa trough, consists of anhydrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and bismuthinite. Electron microprobe analysis indicates that the chalcopyrite contains up to 2.4 wt% Sn, whereas bismuthinite contains up to 1.7 wt% Pt, 0.8 wt% Cu and 0.5 wt% Fe. The Sn‐rich chalcopyrite and Pt–Cu–Fe‐bearing bismuthinite are the first reported occurrence of such minerals in an active submarine hydrothermal system. The results confirm that Sn enters the chalcopyrite as a solid solution towards stannite by the coupled substitution of Sn4+Fe2+ for Fe3+Fe3+, whereas Pt, Cu and Fe enter the bismuthinite structure as a solid solution during rapid nucleation. The fluid inclusions homogenization temperatures in anhydrite (220–310°C) and measured end‐member temperature of the vent fluids on‐site (325°C) indicate that Sn‐bearing chalcopyrite and Pt–Cu–Fe‐bearing bismuthinite express the original composition of the minerals that precipitated as metastable phases at a temperature above 300°C. The result observed in this study implies that sulfides in ancient volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits have similar trace element distribution during nucleation but it is remobilised during diagenesis, metamorphism or supergene enrichment processes. 相似文献
120.
Nagayoshi Katsuta Masao Takano Shin-ichi Kawakami Shoji Togami Hitoshi Fukusawa Mineo Kumazawa Yoshinori Yasuda 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,37(2):259-271
Event-related sedimentary layers, which are deposited occasionally due to volcanic eruptions, earthquakes or heavy rains,
are often contained in the rhythmical sequences of lacustrine and marine sediments. We have developed an analytical method
for separating the sedimentary rhythms and the event layers identified using the scanning X-ray analytical microscope (SXAM)
and obtained sequential profiles of seven elements Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, and Fe in the lacustrine sediment from Lake Suigetsu,
Japan. Two types of event layers could be detected from the elemental composition of 33 layers of sediment: three known volcanic
ash layers and 30 clay layers containing 12 turbidites. The recurrence interval of the latter, which may potentially be initiated
and archived by locally important earthquakes, is estimated to be an average of 640 ± 160 years by using Sompi event analysis
(SEA) based on an autoregressive (AR) model. After removing those portions that represented event layers from the elemental
profiles, we obtained event-removed (ER) temporal profiles based on the tephrochronology of the three volcanic ash layers.
The ER temporal profiles of manganese and iron, probably representing the siderite content, showed a millennial-scale variation
in the Holocene that corresponded well with ice-rafting events in the North Atlantic. 相似文献