Pb isotopic ratios in airborne PM10 of an iron/metal industrial complex area and nearby residential areas: Implications for ambient sources of Pb pollution

This study examined four stable isotopic compositions of Pb in the PM₁₀ (²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb) along with the ambient Pb concentrations in two residences relative to their proximity to an iron and metal industrial complex (IMIC) as well as an industrial site located within the boundary of the IMIC. In addition, eight potential emission sources were investigated for stable isotopic compositions of Pb. The wintertime Pb isotopic ratios for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb for ambient samples of an industrial sampling site (ISS) were closer to those of the residential ambient air concentrations measured at closer proximity to the IMIC (RA1) compared to another residential area located further away (RA2). This finding suggests that the ambient Pb sources were more similar between RA1 and the ISS than between RA2 and the ISS. In contrast, the summertime Pb isotopic ratios for the ambient samples of the ISS were not similar to those for RA1, which in turn were similar to those for RA2. During the summer, it is suggested that motor vehicle emissions appear to be a potential source of Pb in the two residential areas. For the ISS, neither ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb nor ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios showed a clear seasonal pattern. However for the ambient samples of the two residential areas, both the ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios exhibited a seasonal pattern, with relatively higher mean ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios during the summer season. It was further confirmed that the ambient Pb concentrations were significantly higher at the ISS than those for RA1, which in turn were significantly higher than those for RA2. At all three sampling sites, high enrichment factor values (≥ 475) were found for Pb.     

Le réseau de fracturation,facteur initial de la karstification des craies dans les collines du Perche : l’exemple du site de la Mansonnière (Bellou-sur-Huisne,Orne, France)

Résumé

Le facteur tectonique est reconnu depuis longtemps comme initiateur de la première phase de karstification, mais sans que ceci n’ait jamais été démontré car les témoignages des premières phases sont détruits par le développement de la karstification. Les qualités hydrologiques mixtes de la craie permettent de conserver une grande variété de formes spécifiques, illustrant différents stades d’évolution, depuis l’originel « primokarst » jusqu’au classique drain polyphasé.

Dans les collines du Perche, de très récentes recherches ont mis en évidence des galeries endokarstiques particulières, comblées de sables et d’argiles. Les analyses physiques, chimiques et rayons X ont démontré que ces remplissages résultent non pas d’un processus classique de dépôt fluviatile, mais au contraire d’un processus d’altération soulignant la progression d’un front d’altération dans la craie, jusqu’à la surface piézo- métrique. Les remplissages ne sont pas des dépôts sédimentaires, mais représentent une sorte de « fantôme de roche », résultant d’une transformation in situ de la craie, sans aucun transport de matière solide.

La genèse résulte de la progression de fronts d’altération installés sur le réseau de fissures de la zone d’introduction (de la surface jusqu’au toit de la nappe). À la rencontre de la nappe de la craie, le mélange des eaux produit une activité chimique qui ouvre la fissure originelle. Des galeries comblées, semblables à celles du karst classique, se forment, sans jamais avoir connu de drainage fluviatile. Ces galeries illustrent le premier degré d’une évolution karstique classique, juste avant qu’un flux draine la galerie constituant un nouveau degré de karstification : le conduit drainé. La spécificité de la région du Perche est que la karstification s’y est arrêtée au premier stade, illustrant le « primokarst » modélisé mais jamais décrit jusqu’alors. Les conditions de cette genèse sont acquises lorsque le site offre un réseau de fractures bien développé, une absence de formations superficielles, une perméabilité élevée du sol, une absence de drainage superficiel (pas de perte concentrée), et un encaissant relativement poreux. © Elsevier, Paris     

Keck and VLT AO observations and models of the uranian rings during the 2007 ring plane crossings

We present observations of the uranian ring system at a wavelength of 2.2 μm, taken between 2003 and 2008 with NIRC2 on the W.M. Keck telescope in Hawaii, and on 15–17 August 2007 with NaCo on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile. Of particular interest are the data taken around the time of the uranian ring plane crossing with Earth on 16 August 2007, and with the Sun (equinox) on 7 December 2007. We model the data at the different viewing aspects with a Monte Carlo model to determine: (1) the normal optical depth τ₀, the location, and the radial extent of the main rings, and (2) the parameter Aτ₀ (A is the particle geometric albedo), the location, and the radial plus vertical extent of the dusty rings. Our main conclusions are: (i) The brightness of the ? ring is significantly enhanced at small phase and ring inclination angles; we suggest this extreme opposition effect to probably be dominated by a reduction in interparticle shadowing. (ii) A broad sheet of dust particles extends inwards from the λ ring almost to the planet itself. This dust sheet has a vertical extent of ∼140 km, and Aτ₀ = 2.2 × 10⁻⁶. (iii) The dusty rings between ring 4 and the α ring and between the α and β rings are vertically extended with a thickness of ∼300 km. (iv) The ζ ring extends from ∼41,350 km almost all the way inwards to the planet. The main ζ ring, centered at ∼39,500 km from the planet, is characterized by Aτ₀ = 3.7 × 10⁻⁶; this parameter decreases closer to the planet. The ζ ring has a full vertical extent of order 800–900 km, with a pronounced density enhancement in the mid-plane. (v) The η_c ring is optically thin and less than several tens of km in the vertical direction. This ring may be composed of macroscopic material, surrounded by clumps of dust.     

A two-dimensional pedestrian navigation solution aided with a visual gyroscope and a visual odometer

Integration of different positioning systems such as wireless local area networks (WLAN) and INS has proven to be the most promising approach for navigation in global navigation satellite system challenging environments. However, the integrated solution suffers from the errors induced by the sensors in the INS and the low availability and infrastructure dependency of the WLAN. Visual aiding is a complementary method for augmenting these systems, because it suffers from errors and availability problems of a different nature. We introduce the concept of a “visual gyroscope” and a “visual odometer,” based on recovering user information by tracking the feature motion between consecutive images. All calculations are of sufficiently low complexity to be adoptable for navigation with current smartphones. The camera orientation is observed using the vanishing point locations, and this information is transformed into user heading change information and also used for visual odometer calculations. The visual odometer retrieves the camera translation information based on a special camera configuration and the motion of the matched scale-invariant feature transform features. The performance of both of these tools is evaluated. Experiments in selected environments have proven that visual aiding with a visual gyroscope and visual odometer improves the two-dimensional navigation solution significantly.     

Point process models for fine-resolution rainfall

Abstract

In a recent development in the literature, a new temporal rainfall model, based on the Bartlett-Lewis clustering mechanism and intended for sub-hourly application, was introduced. That model replaced the rectangular rain cells of the original model with finite Poisson processes of instantaneous pulses, allowing greater variability in rainfall intensity over short intervals. In the present paper, the basic instantaneous pulse model is first extended to allow for randomly varying storm types. A systematic comparison of a number of key model variants, fitted to 5-min rainfall data from Germany, then generates further new insights into the models, leading to the development of an additional model extension, which introduces dependence between rainfall intensity and duration in a simple way. The new model retains the original rectangular cells, previously assumed inappropriate for fine-scale data, obviating the need for the computationally more intensive instantaneous pulse model.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis     

CHANNEL CHANGES IN ARID BADLANDS,BORREGO SPRINGS,CALIFORNIA

Geometric, hydraulic, and sediment characteristics in arid badlands near Borrego Springs, California, are examined in relation to precipitation events of varying magnitude and frequency. The longitudinal and cross profiles of five ephemeral channels occupying a 2.5 km² catchment were surveyed under pre-and post-storm conditions during the February 1976-December 1978 period. Such arid region channels offer the opportunity to observe and explain rates and methods of profile change under different flow types in a short period of time. Catchment responses to light winter events include substantial lags between initial precipitation and channel runoff, the limited downstream movement of small slugs of sediment, high losses of discharge into channel alluvium, and prolonged mass movement of debris from adjacent hillslopes into the channels following the storm events thus promoting aggradation along certain channel reaches. Responses to intense summer storms include explosive channel and hillslope runoff and localized scour and fill, both during and following such events, thereby promoting substantial aggradation and erosion along portions of the channels. Although ephemeral flow conditions may produce channel profiles which are distinct from those in perennial streams, the evaluation of the methods of sediment transport and the storage of debris in arid catchments offer useful explanation for other environments.     

Adaptation of water resources systems to changing society and environment: a statement by the International Association of Hydrological Sciences

ABSTRACT

We explore how to address the challenges of adaptation of water resources systems under changing conditions by supporting flexible, resilient and low-regret solutions, coupled with on-going monitoring and evaluation. This will require improved understanding of the linkages between biophysical and social aspects in order to better anticipate the possible future co-evolution of water systems and society. We also present a call to enhance the dialogue and foster the actions of governments, the international scientific community, research funding agencies and additional stakeholders in order to develop effective solutions to support water resources systems adaptation. Finally, we call the scientific community to a renewed and unified effort to deliver an innovative message to stakeholders. Water science is essential to resolve the water crisis, but the effectiveness of solutions depends, inter alia, on the capability of scientists to deliver a new, coherent and technical vision for the future development of water systems.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis; ASSOCIATE EDITOR not assigned