A regional study of mantle velocity variations beneath eastern Australia and the southwestern Pacific using short-period recordings of P,S, PcP,ScP and ScS waves produced by Tongan deep earthquakes

Deep earthquakes located in the Tonga-Kermadec region produce exceptionally clear and sharp short-period P, S, PcP, ScP, and ScS phases which are recorded at many stations at distances of less than 60°. The data used in this study are produced by short-period stations located in oceanic-type regions (Fiji and New Caledonia), a mobile continental region (eastern Australia) and a shield region (central Australia). Differential travel-time residuals of the above phases at these stations are investigated to determine the contribution to the differential residuals from: (1) the upper part of the mantle (S-P residuals); (2) the core-to-station portion of the mantle (ScS-ScP residuals); and (3) the hypocenter-to core portion of the mantle (ScP-PcP residuals). The use of differential travel-time residuals considerably reduces near-station effects and effects due to inaccurate determination of the source parameters, and hence the results can be interpreted as due to variations along the propagation paths. The results show that (S-P) residuals from phases traveling along event-to-station paths are about 7 s smaller at the shield station than at the oceanic stations. This correlation with surface tectonic environments is equally strong for the (ScS-ScP) residuals, with the shield/oceanic station difference being about 4 s. Moreover, the data suggest that this correlation between differential residuals and surface tectonic environments is caused by variations in shear velocity within the upper part of the mantle. However, the data cannot uniquely resolve the required depth of these variations within the mantle. For example, if the shear velocity variations extend to a depth of 400 km beneath the recording stations, then the average shear velocity difference between shield- and oceanic-type environments is about 4%. However, if the variations extend only to a depth of 200 km, this difference is more than 8%.(ScP-PcP) and (ScS-PcS) residuals vary from about +1 to about +4 s at the different stations, apparently because of compressional velocity variations in the mantle along the Pc path. If the variation in compressional velocity within the mantle below a depth of about 600 km is about 10% and occurs near the source region, these results suggest that, in the vicinity of deep earthquake zones, variations in compressional velocity extend to a depth of about 1000 km. However, these results can equally be explained by a 1% variation in compressional velocity, evenly distributed along the entire Pc path. An estimate of Q determined from the observed predominant frequency of ScS waves, as recorded at the shield station, suggests that the average 〈Q_s〉 of the mantle beneath about 600 km is about 1050 at frequencies of about 1 Hz.     

Pore water fluoride in Peru continental margin sediments: Uptake from seawater

Fluoride analyses display downward decreasing pore water gradients in Peru shelf phosphatic muds that require diffusion from the overlying seawater into the sediment column and removal by reaction within the upper few tens of centimeters, presumably by incorporation into carbonate fluorapatite. The profiles can be modeled as first-order F-removal with rate constants of ~3 yr^?1 and asymptotic F-concentrations deep in the cores of 35–45 μM, almost one-half the seawater value. The integrated flux of fluoride from seawater into organic-rich shelf sediments in coastal-upwelling zones (phosphatic muds) yields a contemporaneous global F-burial of 0.54 × 10¹⁰ mol-F yr^?1, about one-fifth the burial in other sinks (mostly carbonates and opal). The associated burial flux of phosphorus in shelf phosphorites is about 1.6 × 10¹⁰ mol-P yr^?1, comparable to P-burial in the deep sea with organic matter (~1.4 × 10¹⁰ mol yr^?1) and biogenic carbonates (~1.4 × 10¹⁰ mol yr^?1). Thus phosphorite formation on the Peru shelf is a significant contemporaneous process.     

Parameter von Schichtung und Bioturbation

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine graphische Darstellung gegeben, aus welcher die Beziehungen zwischen dem Physiotop, den dazugehörenden Sedimenten, deren Gefügen und der Endofauna ersichtlich sind.In dieses Diagramm lassen sich bei äquivalenten biologischen Parametern stufenlos alle Unterbereiche von Ablagerungsräumen darstellen und deren Übereinstimmungen oder Gegensätzlichkeiten aufzeigen. Auch unterschiedliche klastische Ablagerungsbereiche können eingezeichnet und miteinander verglichen werden, wenn die Äquivalenz biologischer Parameter, wie Salzgehalt, Temperatur, Licht, Nahrungsangebot oder O₂-Sättigung, vernachlässigt wird.

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A diagram is constructed to show the relationship between physiotope, sediment structures sediment textures and endofauna. In this diagram the differences between subenvironments can be pointed out. It is also possible to compare clastic environments if biological parameters are neglected.

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Résumé Un diagramme est construit pour montrer la relation entre le physiotope, les structures sédimentaires, le matériel détritique et l'endofauna.Il est possible de montrer les différences des milieux subaquatiques.

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Die eigenen Arbeiten an rezenten Ablagerungsbereichen, aus denen die Erfahrungen stammen, die diesem Diagramm zugrunde liegen, wurden dankenswerterweise von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft unterstützt.     

Über Zeitlücken in Rezenten Flachsee-Sedimenten

Zusammenfassung Zum Begriff Sedimentations-Geschwindigkeit werden zwei Unterbegriffe vorgeschlagen: Mächtigkeitszunahme und Schichtungs-Geschwindigkeit. Die Mächtigkeitszunahme errechnet sich aus der Mächtigkeit eines Sedimentkörpers, geteilt durch die Bildungszeit. Die Schichtungs-Geschwindigkeit errechnet sich aus der Mächtigkeit einer Einzelschicht, geteilt durch die Zeit der pausenlosen Bildung dieser Schicht.Mächtigkeitszunahme verglichen mit Schichtungs-Geschwindigkeit ergibt, daß die Schichten in Flachsee-Sedimenten vom Gezeiten-Meer nur den 1/10 000 bis 1/100 000 der Gesamtbildungszeit dokumentieren.Vortragstitel: Mächtigkeitszunahme rezenter Flachsee-Sedimente im Vergleich zu beobachteten Schichtungs-Geschwindigkeiten.