Integrating the ecosystem service in sustainable plateau spatial planning: A case study of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin

The Yarlung Zangbo River Basin(YZRB) is a key ecological protection area on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau(QTP). Determination of the ecosystem service values(ESVs) can help recognize the benefits of sustainable management. It is gradually becoming the main path that constructs plateau spatial planning of integrating ecological protection, and achieves global sustainable development goals(SDGs) in China. In this paper, the spatio-temporal dynamic evolutions of the ESVs were estimated on the multiple scales of "basin, subbasin and watershed" from 1980 to 2015. The main factors influencing ESVs were explored in terms of physical geography, human activities, and climate change. It had been proposed that sustainable spatial planning including ecological protection, basin management, and regional development was urgent to set up. Our results show that the increase in wetland and forest and results in an increase of 9.4% in the ESVs. Attention should be paid to the reduction of water and grassland. Water conservation(WC), waste treatment(WT), and soil formation and conservation(SFC) are the most important ecosystem services in the YZRB. At present, the primary problem is to solve the ESVs decreasing caused by glacier melting, grassland degradation, and desertification in the upper reaches region. The middle reaches should raise the level of supply services. Regulation services should be increased in the lower reaches region on the premise of protecting vegetation. The ESVs in adjacent watersheds are interrelated and the phenomenon of "high agglomeration and low agglomeration" is obvious, existing hot-spots and cold-spots of ESVs. Additionally, when the altitude is 4500-5500 m, the temperature is 3-8°C, and the annual precipitation is 350-650 mm, ESVs could reach its maximum. A framework of sustainable plateau spatial planning could provide references to delimit the ecological protection red line, key ecological function zone, and natural resource asset accounting on the QTP.     

Cryospheric change in China

This paper provides an overview of the current status of the cryosphere in China and its changes. Up-to-date statistics of the cryosphere in China are summarized based on the latest available data. There are 46,377 glaciers in China, covering an area of 59,425 km². The glacier ice reserve is estimated to be about 5600 km³ and the annual glacier runoff is about 61.6 × 10⁹ m³. The continuous snow cover extent (> 60 days) in China is about 3.4 × 10⁶ km² and the maximum water equivalent is 95.9 × 10⁹ m³ yr^− 1. The permafrost area in China is about 1.72 × 10⁶ km². The total ground ice reserve on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau is estimated to be about 10,923 km³. Recent investigations indicated that glacier areas in China have shrunk about 2–10% over the past 45 yr. Total glacier area has receded by about 5.5%. Snow mass has increased slightly. Permafrost is clearly degrading, as indicated by shrinking areas of permafrost, increasing depth of the active layer, rising of lower limit of permafrost, and thinning of the seasonal frost depth. Some models predict that glacier area shrinkage could be as high as 26.7% in 2050, with glacier runoff increasing until its maximum in about 2030. Although snow mass shows an increasing trend in western China, in eastern China the trend is toward decreasing snow mass, with increasing interannual fluctuations. Permafrost degradation is likely to continue, with one-third to one-half of the permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau anticipated to degrade by 2100. Most of the high-temperature permafrost will disappear by then. The permafrost in northeastern China will retreat further northward.     

Mapping the permafrost stability on the Tibetan Plateau for 2005–2015

Data scarcity is a major obstacle for high-resolution mapping of permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau(TP).This study produces a new permafrost stability distribution map for the 2010 s(2005–2015)derived from the predicted mean annual ground temperature(MAGT)at a depth of zero annual amplitude(10–25 m)by integrating remotely sensed freezing degree-days and thawing degree-days,snow cover days,leaf area index,soil bulk density,high-accuracy soil moisture data,and in situ MAGT measurements from 237 boreholes on the TP by using an ensemble learning method that employs a support vector regression model based on distance-blocked resampled training data with 200 repetitions.Validation of the new permafrost map indicates that it is probably the most accurate of all currently available maps.This map shows that the total area of permafrost on the TP,excluding glaciers and lakes,is approximately 115.02(105.47–129.59)×10^4 km^2.The areas corresponding to the very stable,stable,semi-stable,transitional,and unstable types are 0.86×10^4,9.62×10^4,38.45×10^4,42.29×10^4,and 23.80×10^4 km^2,respectively.This new map is of fundamental importance for engineering planning and design,ecosystem management,and evaluation of the permafrost change in the future on the TP as a baseline.     

中国地震科学实验场:认识与实践

中国地震科学实验场提出的国家重大科技基础设施建议被列入《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》,不仅是实验场的一件大事,也是中国地震科技的一件大事.这一重大进展,是中国地震科学界近半个世纪的思考与尝试的结果.     

Aerosol Hygroscopicity during the Haze Red-Alert Period in December 2016 at a Rural Site of the North China Plain

A humidification system was deployed to measure aerosol hygroscopicity at a rural site of the North China Plain during the haze red-alert period 17–22 December 2016. The aerosol scattering coefficients under dry [relative humidity (RH) < 30%] and wet (RH in the range of 40%–85%) conditions were simultaneously measured at wavelengths of 450, 550, and 700 nm. It is found that the aerosol scattering coefficient and backscattering coefficient increased by only 29% and 10%, respectively when RH went up from 40% to 80%, while the hemispheric backscatter fraction went down by 14%, implying that the aerosol hygroscopicity represented by the aerosol scattering enhancement factor f(RH) is relatively low and RH exerted little effects on the aerosol light scattering in this case. The scattering enhancement factors do not show significant differences at the three wavelengths, only with an approximate 2% variation, suggesting that the aerosol hygroscopicity is independent of the wavelength. Aerosol hygroscopicity is highly dependent on the aerosol chemical composition. When there is a large mass fraction of inorganics and a small mass fraction of organic matter, f(RH) reaches a high value. The fraction of NO₃^– was strongly correlated with the aerosol scattering coefficient at RH = 80%, which suggests that NO₃^– played an important role in aerosol hygroscopic growth during the heavy pollution period.     

水资源使用权分配模型研究

随着我国经济社会的发展,水资源供需矛盾日益突出,为了有效控制水资源使用的不断扩张和无限需求,需要建立水权制度体系。水资源使用权制度是水权制度建设的基本内容,必须在初期加以建设和制定。在对国内部分专家学者提出的水资源使用权分配原则进行分类筛选后,确定生态用水保障原则、占用优先原则、基本用水保障原则、公平性原则和高效性原则为水资源使用权分配的具体原则,以这些原则为基础建立水资源使用权分配模型。采用遗传算法对模型求解,以黄河流域为例,分析算法的收敛性和稳定性。应用模型分配黄河流域地表水资源量并与“87分水方案”进行比较。     

基于扩展空间句法的城区人口密度估算方法

城市人口密度是人口空间分布的重要指标,对城市交通、安全、规划和管理都有着重要意义。针对传统的人口密度估算方法在数据要求、可操作性以及精度方面的不足,本文提出一种基于扩展空间句法的城市人口密度估算方法。该方法通过城市空间可达性与城市行人流量的相关关系,估算城市人口密度的空间分布情况。经过实验验证表明,与传统估算方法相比,该方法需要的人口统计数据较少,可操作性强,与G IS软件无缝融合,通过反距离权重法(IDW)可使模拟估算结果连续,试验验证表明该方法适用于城镇地区人口密度估算。     

CE318型太阳光度计标定方法初探

初步探索了CE318型太阳光度计的室内和野外标定方法, 并对两种方法的标定结果进行对比。基于积分球辐射源的辐亮度标定方法, 对CE318型太阳光度计不同波段天空散射辐射通道进行标定实验; 分别采用Langley标定法和标准仪器相对标定方法, 对CE318型太阳光度计的不同波段太阳直接辐射通道进行了标定实验。实验结果显示:天空散射辐射通道的标定结果在670 nm, 870 nm和1020 nm波段与仪器出厂时给定的标定结果偏差不超过6%, 而440 nm波段处得到的标定结果要高于出厂时给定的结果, 偏离幅度约18.9%。太阳直接辐射各通道的标定结果普遍大于出厂时给定的结果, 说明滤光片老化较为严重, 需要进行更换, 以保证观测精度。由于标准仪器相对标定方法对太阳直接辐射通道的标定结果明显优于Langley法, 因此利用标准仪器相对标定方法对中国气象局太阳光度计站网仪器进行定期标定更能够保证仪器观测数据的准确性。     

吉林夹皮沟金矿带电、磁场与流体中成矿元素运移、富集效应

本文以吉林夹皮沟金矿带为例,通过板块碰撞或旋转所产生的磁斥力和电场来探讨流体中成矿元素运移和富集机制。基于块体转动与岩石剩磁磁斥力的产生,岩石电、磁场的形成和阴 阳离子相向漂移的地质证据及成矿流体与磁感应矢量、电导率间对应关系的讨论,表明:1)成矿元素的富集发生于新旧电、磁场交替变化过程中;2)岩石电场正、负极控制阴、阳离子作相向漂移运动,是流体中成矿元素运移、富集的主要控制因素之一;3)深大断裂界面间的磁斥力是Au、Ag、Cu、Pb和Zn等有色多金属抗磁性元素成矿的有利场所。     

我国水产品市场状况分析

文章分析了我国水产品市场的基本状况 ,认为目前我国水产品市场品种丰富 ,价格稳定。究其原因 ,主要是水产品流通体制的改革 ,水产品市场的开放 ,科技贡献率的提高 ,政府在渔业发展方向上的战略性调整和水产品对外贸易的快速发展。文章针对现阶段我国水产品市场存在的问题 ,特别是渔业资源及其生态环境破坏的负面影响及解决办法做了有益的探讨