NEW DISCOVERY OF RESHUI-TAOSTUO RIVER FAULT IN DULAN,QINGHAI PROVINCE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

The 40km-long, NEE trending Reshui-Taostuo River Fault was found in the southern Dulan-Chaka highland by recent field investigation, which is a strike-slip fault with some normal component. DEM data was generated by small unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)on key geomorphic units with resolution<0.05m. Based on the interpretation and field investigation, we get two conclusions:1)It is the first time to define the Reshui-Taostuo River Fault, and the fault is 40km long with a 6km-long surface rupture; 2)There are left-handed dislocations in the gullies and terraces cut by the fault. On the high-resolution DEM image obtained by UAV, the offsets are(9.3±0.5) m, (17.9±1.5) m, and(36.8±2) m, measured by topographic profile recovery of gullies. The recovery measurements of two terraces present that the horizontal offset of T₁/T₀ is(18.2±1.5) m and the T₂/T₁ is (35.8±2) m, which is consistent with the offsets from gullies. According to the historical earthquake records, a M5 3/4 earthquake on April 10, 1938 and a M_S5.0 earthquake on March 21, 1952 occurred at the eastern end of the surface rupture, which may be related to the activity of the fault. By checking the county records of Dulan and other relevant data, we find that there are no literature records about the two earthquakes, which is possibly due to the far distance to the epicenter at that time, the scarcity of population in Dulan, or that the earthquake occurred too long ago that led to losing its records. The southernmost ends of the Eastern Kunlun Fault and the Elashan Fault converge to form a wedge-shaped extruded fault block toward the northwest. The Dulan Basin, located at the end of the wedge-shaped fault block, is affected by regional NE and SW principal compressive stress and the shear stress of the two boundary faults. The Dulan Basin experienced a complex deformation process of compression accompanying with extension. In the process of extrusion, the specific form of extension is the strike-slip faults at each side of the wedge, and there is indeed a north-east and south-west compression between the two controlling wedge-shaped fault block boundary faults, the Eastern Kunlun and Elashan Faults. The inferred mechanism of triangular wedge extrusion deformation in this area is quite different from the pure rigid extrusion model. Therefore, Dulan Basin is a wedge-shaped block sandwiched between the two large-scale strike-slip faults. Due to the compression of the northeast and southwest directions of the region, the peripheral faults of the Dulan Basin form a series of southeast converging plume thrust faults on the northeast edge of the basin near the Elashan Fault, which are parallel to the Elashan Fault in morphology and may converge with the Elashan Fault in subsurface. The southern marginal fault of the Dulan Basin(Reshui-Taostuo River Fault)near the Eastern Kunlun fault zone is jointly affected by the left-lateral strike-slip Eastern Kunlun Fault and the right-lateral strike-slip Elashan Fault, presenting a left-lateral strike-slip characteristic. Meanwhile, the wedge-shaped fault block extrudes to the northwest, causing local extension at the southeast end, and the fault shows the extensional deformation. These faults absorb or transform the shear stress in the northeastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. Therefore, our discovery of the Dulan Reshui-Taostuo River Fault provides important constraints for better understanding of the internal deformation mode and mechanism of the fault block in the northeastern Tibetan plateau. The strike of Reshui-Taostuo River Fault is different from the southern marginal fault of the Qaidam Basin. The Qaidam south marginal burial fault is the boundary fault between the Qaidam Basin and the East Kunlun structural belt, with a total length of ~500km. The geophysical data show that Qaidam south marginal burial fault forms at the boundary between the positive gravity anomaly of the southern East Kunlun structural belt and the negative gravity anomaly gradient zone of the northern Qaidam Basin, showing as a thrust fault towards the basin. The western segment of the fault was active at late Pleistocene, and the eastern segment near Dulan County was active at early-middle Pleistocene. The Reshui-Taostuo River Fault is characterized by sinistral strike-slip with a normal component. The field evidence indicates that the latest active period of this fault was Holocene, with a total length of only 40km. Neither remote sensing image interpretation nor field investigation indicate the fault extends further westward and intersects with the Qaidam south marginal burial fault. Moreover, it shows that its strike is relatively consistent with the East Kunlun fault zone in spatial distribution and has a certain angle with the burial fault in the southern margin of Qaidam Basin. Therefore, there is no structural connection between the Reshui-Taostuo River Fault and the Qaidam south marginal burial fault.     

"美丽冰冻圈"融入区域发展的途径与模式

在探讨“美丽冰冻圈”内涵的基础上,从自然属性与社会经济两个层面、致利与致害两条线,分析了“美丽冰冻圈”与区域可持续发展的关系,“美丽冰冻圈”、区域社会经济发展、人类福祉构成冰冻圈—人类社会经济复合命运共同体。基于中国冰冻圈要素及其变化影响的区域差异性,选取祁连山—河西地区、青藏高原三江源地区、横断山大香格里拉地区,分别代表冰冻圈水资源影响区、冰冻圈灾害影响区、冰冻圈旅游经济区,围绕冰冻圈水资源服务与绿洲经济、雪灾害风险与畜牧业经济、冰雪旅游与区域经济等核心问题,从冰冻圈资源服务与灾害风险视角,详细阐述了冰冻圈融入不同区域发展的途径与模式。在干旱半干旱内陆地区,冰冻圈主要以水源涵养、水量供给与径流调节服务,融入绿洲社会经济发展,是一种冰冻圈水资源支撑型区域发展模式;在青藏高原高寒区,冰冻圈生态环境决定了畜牧业经济的脆弱性,冰冻圈灾害负向影响畜牧业经济,是一种冰冻圈生态支撑+灾害影响型区域发展模式;在冰冻圈旅游经济区,直接依托冰雪资源发展冰雪旅游业,是一种基于冰冻圈资源的旅游经济驱动型区域发展模式。     

河西走廊西端花海断裂晚第四纪活动特征

花海断裂是位于河西走廊西端阿尔金断裂系北侧花海盆地内的一条活动断裂,对该断裂活动性的认识不仅有助于评估该区的地震危险性,而且对深入理解青藏高原向北扩展过程中块体相互作用具有重要的科学意义。遥感解译与地震地质调查表明,花海断裂仅局限于花海盆地内,长度约25 km。断裂走向NNW,南端起自花海镇以南,向北经小泉、大泉、双泉子后穿过山水河,向北逐渐消失在北山山前大型冲积扇前。地貌上,花海断裂南部表现为线性延伸的断层陡坎,北段构成了风成砂丘与冲洪积扇的界线。在断裂北段跨断层陡坎进行了探槽开挖,探槽揭露和光释光年代学测试结果表明,该断裂最新一次古地震事件的时间距今约5万年,全新世以来没有明显的活动迹象,为晚更新世活动断裂。结合陡坎位错分析,花海断裂晚第四纪以来垂直滑动速率小于0.03 mm/a。区域大地构造动力学背景分析表明,花海断裂是在青藏高原向北扩展作用下盆地内形成的次一级活动断裂,是高原外围块体对青藏高原向外扩展的响应。     

西藏尼木1901年M 6?地震的发震构造探讨

史料记载1901年4月26日西藏尼木发生M 6?级地震,其发震构造尚未有报道,对其发震构造的厘定有助于理解尼木地堑群的地震复发规律,科学评价周边地区的未来强震危险性。遥感解译与地质调查表明,尼木地堑群内部的庞刚地堑西边界断裂长约30 km,走向近北西—北北西,以彭刚玛曲为界分为南北两段。北段断裂地貌线性特征显著,陡坎发育,断错了多级冰碛物及河流阶地。位移恢复结果显示,河流阶地垂直断距T0约1.0 m,T1约2.6 m,T2约5.0 m。南段断裂沿虾庆曲展布,地貌线性特征显著,陡坎发育,断错了多期冲洪积扇体。尼木县城北部发现断裂错动T2阶地剖面,显示该断裂延伸至尼木县城北部。根据位移-震级经验公式计算,庞刚地堑西边界断裂最新一次地震的矩震级约为M_W 6.8,这与尼木地震比较吻合。遥感解译、地质调查与震级表明,庞刚地堑可能为1901年尼木地震的发震构造。结合历史地震记录分析认为,尼木地堑群中各个地堑具有独立发生中强地震的能力,其地震复发模式及其与亚东-谷露裂谷南北两段的地震活动差异等尚需进一步研究。      

巴丹吉林沙漠北部风沙地貌形态类型的分区研究

在研究区内选取具有典型形态类型沙丘的8个样区N₁~N₈,通过统计和研究样区内各种形态的沙丘可以看出,研究区内由西北向东南沙丘的排列顺序出现沙丘由简单形态的沙垄和新月形沙丘到复杂形态的复合型沙山最后达到成熟的星状沙丘。由此着重探讨了研究区内由西北-东南方向沙丘的形成演化特征,以沙丘的空间分布序列来反映沙丘形成的时间序列这样一种时空替代的序列,因而能直观地分析和研究沙丘形成发育的整个发展过程,表明西北部沙漠年轻,东南部沙漠较老。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘沙丘迎风坡风速变化的初步研究

对腾格里沙漠东南缘格状沙丘表面气流的观测结果表明,迎风坡风速的增加程度因坡成形态和原始气流的方向,强度而不同。迎风坡风速放大率介于１．０６～１．９１之间,且在格状沙丘主梁,主要与坡形系数和高度有关;在副梁随原始风入射角,坡形系数而变化,风速放大率对沙丘形态的影响主一要增加丘顶区域的输沙率和活动性,且因区域气流的方向和强度而不同,在横向气流条件下,其迎风坡随区域气流强度和增加而变缓,变长,在双向（斜     

青海大柴旦6．3级地震现场应急工作主要经验及反思

2008年11月10日青海省大柴旦发生6．3级地震。地震发生后,青海省各级政府及各相关部门高度重视,立即启动了省、州（地、市）、县三级地震应急预案,使得地震现场应急工作反应快速、措施得当、效果明显;同时也反映出日常工作中存在的一些问题,值得重视和反思。     

内蒙古自治区东部两次Ms5．9地震前后长波辐射时序特征分析

以卫星对地遥测长波辐射(OLR)信息为基础,分析了2003年8月16日巴林左旗MS5.9地震和2004年3月24日东乌珠穆沁MS5.9地震前后震中附近的45°N,120°E点位长波辐射的时序特征。结果表明,在这两次MS5.9地震前后,位于45°N,120°E点位上长波辐射(OLR)月平均值、月距平值异常特征比较明显,这种基于不同点位上的时序特征分析对地震监视和预报具体孕震区具有一定的实际意义。     

农户在防震抗震方面的行为研究

我国农民大多未受过地震灾害的袭击,缺乏居安思危的意识,政府在抗震技术和房屋抗震设防方面缺少监管,农户受资金、抗震设防知识等因素的制约,在建房时不进行正规设计,在建筑材料的选择上采用比较廉价的不合格的材料,在施工时不注重建筑质量,而把大量的资金用于装修上,从而导致农村居民建筑的"小震级,大震害"的现象层出不穷。     

三种云导风资料及其对台风数值预报影响试验的比较分析

由于在海面上缺乏重要的常规观测资料,因而云导风成为研究西太平洋台风一种不可缺少的重要资料。为了对“南京信息工程大学”开发的云导风系统(CWIS)进行质量评价及其对台风研究的贡献,选取了三种云导风资料进行综合对比。通过对比CWIS导出FY2C云迹风数据、中国气象局国家卫星中心(NSMC)导出FY2C云迹风数据和日本气象卫星中心（JMSC）的MTSAT云导风数据,采用逐点比较法分析了不同资料的精度与误差。所得结果发现：CWIS的风速与JMSC风速、NSMC的风向与JMSC风向分别均有较好的一致性。使用三重制约法获得了三种云导风资料的误差信息,风速误差标准差以JMSC最小、NSMC最大;风向误差标准差以JMSC最小、CWIS最大。云导风资料在中尺度对流云带和高空急流云带上,NSMC云导风风速大于CWIS、JMSC;而在台风云系上三种云导风资料没有特别的差异。根据以上比较的三种云导风资料的结果,进行了云导风资料对台风路径数值预报的影响的初步试验。结果表明：加入云导风资料模拟后得到的台风移动路径与实况总体上比较接近,不同的资料导出不同的结果,台风中心位置误差减小到23%~74%。