Review of Methods for Simulating Land Surface Temperature at the Pixel Scale Based on Ground Measurements over Heterogeneous Surface

Remotely sensed Land Surface Temperature (LST) is a key parameter for studying the global climate changes and the exchanges of water and energy. Acquiring LST accurately is important to diagnose the change of environment on earth. Quantifying the uncertainty of remotely sensed LST is the first step of its application. However, due to the difficulties in obtaining the ground truth of LST at the pixel scale, it is difficult to validate the remotely sensed LST. Here, methods for simulating the LST at the pixel scale based on ground measurements over heterogeneous area were reviewed. From the way to construct the ground scene, these methods were classified into three types, including the Modified Geometric Projection model (MGP), realistic structural three-dimensional model, and other model. The advantages and disadvantages of these models were examined and compared. Finally, some issues in simulating LST at the pixel scale over heterogeneous area needed to be solved and on-going directions in the future were summarized.     

大洋桥石藻Gephyrocapsa oceanica对海水酸化与营养盐胁迫的复合响应

本文选取了大洋桥石藻(Gephyrocapsa oceanica)作为实验对象,通过CO₂加富实验模拟海水酸化环境,分析了氮充足和氮相对不足条件下海洋颗石藻对海水酸化的生理响应。结果发现在两种营养盐状态下,CO₂加富均能一定程度促进大洋桥石藻种群增长与Chl a浓度的增加。对比两种营养盐状态,氮相对不足条件下的大洋桥石藻细胞密度和叶绿素含量均有最显著的提高,表明低营养盐浓度和低的氮磷比可能更有利于大洋桥石藻的生长繁殖。电镜观测结果显示酸化对大洋桥石藻的钙化作用具有显著的负影响,并且在氮相对不足条件下,大洋桥石藻的细胞个体变小及比表面积升高。研究结果表明在未来寡营养的大洋上层水体,大气CO₂浓度升高会对大洋桥石藻的生理功能产生负面影响,但可能刺激大洋桥石藻的生长。     

黄河口及邻近水域小型鳀鲱鱼类数量分布及其与环境因子的关系

小型鳀鲱鱼类多为浮游生物食性种类;又是多种高营养层次鱼类的饵料生物;作为生态系统中的重要类群;其数量分布对多种生物均具有重要影响。本文根据2013年6月、8月、10月和2014年2月、4月、5月在黄河口及邻近水域进行的渔业资源和环境调查数据;分析了该海域小型鳀鲱鱼类资源数量分布特征;并用广义可加模型研究了其数量分布与时空和环境因子等之间的关系。黄河口及邻近水域小型鳀鲱鱼类相对资源量呈现明显的季节变化;夏、秋季相对资源量明显高于冬、春季。小型鳀鲱鱼类相对资源量具有明显的空间变化;且在不同月份呈现不同的空间分布格局;在4月、5月、6月小型鳀鲱鱼类主要分布于近岸水域;在8月、10月小型鳀鲱鱼类分布外移且范围扩大。GAM分析表明;影响黄河口及邻近水域小型鳀鲱鱼类相对资源量时空分布的主要环境因子包括表层盐度、表层水温、水深和浮游植物丰度等。小型鳀鲱鱼类相对资源量随表层盐度的升高呈现升高的趋势;在盐度达到30时;小型鳀鲱鱼类相对资源量处于最高水平。随表层水温的升高相对资源量有升高趋势;当表层水温达到15℃后;小型鳀鲱鱼类相对资源量增加趋势减缓且丰度较大。小型鳀鲱鱼类相对资源量随浮游植物丰度的增大总体呈现上升趋势;而随水深的变化呈现先降低后升高的趋势。黄河口及邻近水域小型鳀鲱鱼类相对资源量的时空变化与鳀鲱鱼类产卵、索饵和越冬洄游有关;受到季节变化、黄河径流变化以及黄河调水调沙等引起的海洋环境因子变动的影响。     

Low temperature stress on the hematological parameters and <Emphasis Type="Italic">HSP</Emphasis> gene expression in the turbot <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scophthalmus maximus</Emphasis>

To study the effect of low temperature stress on hematological parameters and HSP gene expression in the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), water temperature was lowered rapidly from 18 to 1°C. During the cooling process, three individuals were removed from culture tanks at 18, 13, 8, 5, 3, and 1°C. Blood samples and tissues were taken from each individual, hematological indices and HSP gene expression in tissues were measured. The red blood cell count, white blood cell count, and hemoglobin concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as temperature decreased. Enzyme activities of plasma alanine transaminase and creatine kinase increased as temperature decreased, whereas aspartic transaminase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activities displayed no obvious changes above 1°C and lactate dehydrogenase activity increased first and then decreased. Blood urea nitrogen and uric acid levels were highest at 8°C, and creatinine concentration was highest at 3°C. The concentrations of plasma cortisol, cholesterol, and triglyceride all increased significantly (P < 0.05) as temperature decreased. The serum glucose concentration increased first and then decreased to the initial level. The HSP70 mRNA expression showed various patterns in different tissues, whereas HSP90 mRNA expression showed the same tendency in all tissues. Overall, these results indicate that temperature decreases in the range of 8 to 5°C may induce a stress response in S. maximus and that temperature should be kept above 8°C in the aquaculture setting to avoid damage to the fish.     

徐家围子断陷火山岩储层裂缝发育特征及主控因素

徐家围子断陷火山岩储集物性明显受裂缝发育程度的影响。根据相似露头区野外调查、岩心观测以及铸体薄片和成像测井分析等资料,并结合应力场数值模拟技术,对该区火山岩储层裂缝的类型、走向、倾角、长度、密度、充填性以及影响裂缝发育程度的主控因素进行了分析。结果表明,研究区火山岩裂缝主要以构造剪切裂缝为主,其次为成岩裂缝;主要发育近东西向、近南北向、近北东向和近北西向4组裂缝;裂缝多为有效裂缝,很少被充填;以高角度和斜交裂缝为主,长度和密度变化较大。影响该火山岩储层裂缝发育程度的主控因素包括古构造应力、岩性、火山机构和断层等,其中古构造应力的高值区与裂缝较发育部位具有良好的匹配关系;在多种火山岩中,粗面岩、集块岩和流纹岩裂缝较发育;裂缝多发育在火山口和近火山口相组;在应力扰动作用明显的断层上盘裂缝较发育,且随着与断层距离的增大,裂缝发育程度不断降低。     

“十三五”期间我国无居民海岛综合管理对策研究

加强无居民海岛自然资源管控、保护海岛及周边海域生态环境,促进海岛综合服务功能有效发挥,是我国无居民海岛管理向综合管理发展的重要方向。文章在分析我国无居民海岛功能地位和管理现状的基础上,针对海岛保护和利用的问题分析了无居民海岛综合管理存在的不足,提出了"十三五"期间我国无居民海岛综合管理的对策建议。     

Long-term effects of di-octyl phthalate on the expression of immune-related genes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tegillarca granosa</Emphasis>

Di-octyl phthalate (DOP) is widely used as a plasticizer in the plastics industry. As a result, DOP is often found in marine water ecosystems where many species are exposed to it. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of long-term (14 d) DOP exposure (2.6, 7.8, or 31.2 mg/L) on the expression of immunerelated genes in Tegillarca granosa. The expression of small heat shock protein (sHSPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) were highest in clams exposed to 31.2 mg/L DOP on days 7 and 14. The relative expression of Tg-ferritin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and metallothionein (MT) increased initially then decreased as the concentration of DOP increased. The hemoglobin of T. granosa (Tg-HbI) exhibited two distinct expression patterns at two time points. Our results suggest that the immune response of T. granosa against DOP pollution varies depending on the dose. Additionally, we identified some immune-related genes that are promising candidates for biomarkers of DOP.     

裂缝性稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐产能预测模型

针对裂缝性油藏为裂缝-孔隙型双重介质且加热区内地层温度为非等温分布,在常规稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐加热半径计算模型的基础上,通过引入加热区前沿温度,构建了考虑地层温度为非等温分布的裂缝性稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐加热半径计算模型,并基于天然裂缝等效渗透率张量理论,将裂缝性油藏变换成等效各向同性油藏,最终推导出裂缝性稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐产能预测模型。以某裂缝性稠油油藏为例进行了计算,结果表明,本文产能预测模型计算结果与裂缝性双重介质热采数值模拟计算结果基本吻合,从而验证了本文模型的准确性。敏感性分析表明,蒸汽吞吐加热半径是加热区前沿温度的函数,加热半径随前沿温度的降低而增大,产量随裂缝孔隙度的增加而增大。