中国关键矿产现状、研究内容与资源战略分析

关键矿产是指当前和未来相当长时间内现代社会可持续发展所必须但在稳定供给方面又存在高风险的金属矿产资源,主要包括稀土、稀有、稀散金属和部分稀贵金属矿产资源。关键金属由于具有极度耐高温、耐腐蚀、光学和电磁性质优良等物理化学特性,是航空航天、电子信息、高端制造、新能源、新材料等重点领域和新兴产业发展的重要物质基础。由于高科技和新兴产业的快速发展,未来几十年全球对关键矿产的需求将迅猛增长, 供需矛盾将日益突出,可以说,未来国际矿产资源和科技的竞争在很大程度上将集中于对关键矿产资源的博弈。过去十余年来,中国一直为矿产资源第一消费大国,在未来较长时间内对关键矿产的需求量仍将持续增长。面对国内强劲需求和严峻的国际资源竞争态势, 迫切需要加大科技创新力度, 持续开展关键矿产成矿基础理论和综合利用技术研究。中国的关键矿产种类丰富,成矿过程中关键金属元素的地球化学行为和成矿机制复杂,矿化类型多样,空间分布成群成带,资源潜力大。未来要聚焦关键金属元素超常富集基础理论,重点解决好三方面的科学问题:(1)地球多圈层相互作用对关键金属元素富集的控制作用;(2)关键金属元素富集机制与成矿规律;(3)关键金属元素赋存状态与分离技术。该文立足于国际关键矿产资源形势,提出了全面提升我国对关键矿产资源的管理、勘查、开发和综合利用水平及保障关键矿产资源安全的思考和建议。     

云南墨江金矿床含金石英脉中流体包裹体的地球化学特征及其意义

本文对含金石英脉中流体包裹体进行了研究 ,结果表明主阶段石英中流体包裹体均一温度为 1 2 2～ 30 6℃ ,存在两个区间分别为 1 30～ 2 2 0℃、2 5 0～ 2 70℃ ,均一温度在水平和垂直方向存在规律性变化 ,盐度主要集中在3%～8%NaCl范围内 ,密度为 0 .80～ 0 .95g/cm3 ,流体包裹体具有相对稳定的气液比 ,流体包裹体气液相成分与典型的岩浆水和大气降水不同。结合氢氧锶和稀有气体同位素研究 ,认为墨江金矿成矿流体曾发生过部分地幔流体、大气降水等多种类型水不充分的混合 ,水岩反应和多种流体混合可能为墨江金矿矿质迁移沉淀主要机制。结合哀牢山金矿带成矿流体类似性和流体包裹体特征分析认为墨江金矿深部可能存在有含金石英脉型矿体。     

南昆线南那段红土类型划分及微观特征研究

本文在野外调查的基础上,根据母岩岩性和红土化作用程度对南那段红土作了初步分类,并对几种主要的红土的物质成分和微观结构特征进行了研究。     

Characteristics of the mantle source region of sodium lamprophyres and petrogenetic tectonic setting in northeastern Hunan,China

~~Characteristics of the mantle source region of sodium lamprophyres and petrogenetic tectonic setting in northeastern Hunan,China~~     

Geological and Geochemical Characteristics of Early Cretaceous Mafic Dikes in Northern Jiangxi Province, SE China and Their Geodynamic Implications

The development of Early Cretaceous mafic dikes in northern and southern Jiangxi allows an understanding of the geodynamic setting and characteristics of the mantle in southeast China in the Cretaceous. Geological and geochemical characteristics for the mafic dikes from the Wushan copper deposit and No. 640 uranium deposit are given in order to constrain the nature of source mantle, genesis and tectonic implications. According to the mineral composition,the mafic dikes in northern Jiangxi can be divided into spessartite and olive odinite types, which belong to slightly potassium-rich calc-alkaline lamprophyre characterized by enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare earth elements (LREE), large depletion in high strength field elements (HSFE) and with negative Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies, as well as 87Sr/86Sr ratios varying from 0.7055 to 0.7095 and 143Nd/r44Nd ratios varying from 0.5119 to 0.5122.All features indicate that the magma responsible for the mafic dikes was derived mainly from metasomatic lithosphere mantle related to dehydration and/or upper crust melting during subduction. Differences in geochemical characteristics between the mafic dikes in northern Jiangxi and the Dajishan area, southern Jiangxi were also studied and they are attributed to differences in regional lithospheric mantle components and/or magma emplacement depth. Combining geological and geochemical characteristics with regional geological history, we argue that southeast China was dominated by an extensional tectonic setting in the Early Cretaceous, and the nature of the mantle source area was related to enrichment induced by asthenosphere upwelling and infiltration of upper crust-derived fluids responding to Pacific Plate subduction.     

卫星热红外观测进行地震预报的可能性分析

阐述了低空大气卫星热红外增温的理论基础，及与其他异常的关系。简述了地震前低空大气卫星热红外增温的普遍性，卫星热红外观测技术的特点和问题，及利用低空大气卫星热红外增温预报地震的可能性。     

第22周峰年强耀斑活动及持续性预报

利用１９８９ 年到１９９１ 年的观测资料, 按面积把太阳黑子群分成五类统计分析了各类黑子群的强耀斑活动（Ｉ＞ ＝ Ｍ） 结果是： Ｓｍ ＞ ＝ ５００ 的黑子群占全部黑子群的６３ ％ , 产生了５６ ％ 的强耀斑近半数的强耀斑产生于面积小于５００ 的小黑子群文中分析了小黑子群产生强耀斑的磁场位形先兆, 这些先兆有： １） 磁流浮现, （２） 磁轴垂直, （３） 反极性活动区, （４） 活动区旋转, （５）同极性磁流合并或撕裂, 但仍有相当多的小黑子群产生耀斑前无任何先兆; 用极大熵谱的ＡＲ 模式计算了四个超级活动区的强耀斑活动周期： 分析讨论了持续性预报的适用范围以及它的弊病文中指出, 发展带有更多物理意义的预报技术和方法是提高预报水平和满足用户要求的唯一可取之路     

新疆精(河)-伊(宁)铁路沿线雪害形成机制及其防治工程措施

天山西部的降雪丰富,伊犁河流域年最大雪深普遍超过60crn,中国科学院天山积雪与雪崩研究站和伊犁的最大雪深分别高达152crn和89cm。因此,天山西部山区风吹雪和雪崩灾害较多,严重影响着当地的交通安全。新疆精(河)-伊(宁)铁路经过的缓坡丘陵区是风吹雪灾害多发区,崇山峻岭区是雪崩灾害多发区。通过对铁路沿线的气象要素进行分析与推算,结果表明,该地区的最大风速平均值14．0m／s,30a-遇的最大风速与最大积雪深度分别为20．3m／S和160cm;平均冬季降水量153．2mm,为风吹雪灾害的发生提供了物质与动力条件。在风吹雪多发区,风吹雪的主要危害类型是路堑型风吹雪沉积,其次为低路堤型风吹雪沉积等。经过野外考察和室内分析,基本上查清了精(河)一伊(宁)铁路沿线风吹雪的发生与分布规律,并且针对性地提出了铁路在雪害多发区的设计原则和雪害防治方法。认为路堤防风吹雪的适宜高度为200～1500cm,路堤若低于200cm,路面上易发生风吹雪沉积;若路堤的边坡较陡,则路面上不易发生风吹雪沉积;路堑边坡的角度越小,路堑越深,路堑走向与主导风向的夹角越小,风吹雪沉积越不易发生;风吹雪的防治应以防风吹雪走廊和下导风板为主,并辅以侧导板、挡雪墙等工程。精-伊铁路雪崩灾害主要发生在崇山峻岭区,主要类型为坡面雪崩和坡面沟槽雪崩。阳坡雪崩多发生在降雪季节,雪崩危害相对较少;阴坡积雪不易融化,雪崩危害大。阴坡雪崩在整个冬季从开始下雪直到次年春季积雪融化以前都可发生,危害时期长。在雪崩灾害的多发区,铁路选线时明线工程最好能选在阳坡,永久性建筑物或设施要尽量避开沟槽雪崩的运动区和堆积区;铁路线横穿河流处,桥梁的桥墩和铁路延伸线一定要避开沟槽雪崩的运动区和堆积区,尽量选在两雪崩之间的山梁或山脊处,隧道出入口也要选在突出的山嘴或山梁等正地貌部位。在其他条件允许的情况下,线路应尽量向坡面的上部抬升。精一伊铁路沿线雪崩灾害治理原则：在所有的隧道出入口,隧道再向外延伸3m,上方再修建导雪堤,可保隧道口的安全;在工程建设过程中,要求尽量少地破坏铁路两侧的植被,特别是树林和灌木。     

A tectono-genetic model for porphyry–skarn–stratabound Cu–Au–Mo–Fe and magnetite–apatite deposits along the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Valley, Eastern China

The Middle–Lower Yangtze River Valley metallogenic belt (YRB), situated along the northern margin of the Yangtze craton, is characterized by porphyry–skarn–stratabound Cu–Au–Mo–Fe deposits in the areas of uplift and magnetite–apatite deposits in Cretaceous fault basins. Following detailed field investigations and a review of published data, we recognize two episodes of magmatism and mineralization in the YRB: 1) 156–137 Ma high-K calc-alkaline granitoids associated with 148–135 Ma porphyry–skarn–stratabound Cu–Au–Mo–Fe deposits and 2) 135–123 Ma shoshonitic series, associated with 134.9–122.9 Ma magnetite–apatite deposits. A-type granitoids and associated alkaline volcanic have a small age range from 126.5 to 124.8 Ma and are temporally, spatially and genetically associated with the second episode. The geodynamic history of the YRB did not experience the Paleozoic to Mesozoic lithospheric thickening that took place in the North China craton. This process is inferred to be linked to partial melting of the delaminated lower crust at high pressures, resulting in the development of C-type adakitic rocks. The petrochemical and Sr/Nd isotopic data show that both the shoshonitic series and A-type granitoids are quite different from adakites, with only some of the K-calc-alkaline granitoids having adakitic signatures. Previous ore genesis models were established based on an assumed relationship with adakites and a continuous tectono-thermal evolution from 150 to 100 Ma.All data obtained for the Middle–Lower Yangtze River region consistently show that the Tan–Lu regional strike-slip fault zone, initiated at 233 ± 6 to 225 ± 6 Ma from the collision between the North China and Yangtze cratons and was reactivated at ca. 160 Ma. The Tan–Lu fault was caused by the oblique subduction of the Izanagi plate, which along the YRB the low-angle subducted slab and the overlying crust was disrupted or broken due to the disharmonious movement of the two blocks. The high-K calc-alkaline granitoids magmas were derived from melting of the subducted slab, with some input of crustal material. These magmas were emplaced at the intersections between NE- and EW-trending faults and formed porphyry–skarn–stratabound Cu–Au–Mo–Fe deposits between 156 and 137 Ma. After 135 Ma the subducted plate changed its direction of motion to northeast, now running parallel to the Eurasian continental margin, and leading to large-scale continental extension. The shoshonitic series and subsequent A-type granitoids magmatism and the development of magnetite–apatite ores in the YRB, took place in both fault basins and NE-trending rifts between 135 and 124 Ma.     

Geochronology and Geochemistry of Mafic Dikes from Hainan Island and Tectonic Implications

Abstract: In the present study, the major and trace element compositions, as well as Sr, Nd isotopic compositions and K-Ar age data in mafic dikes from Hainan Island, China, have been analyzed. Whole-rock K-Ar dating yielded a magmatic duration of 61–98 Ma for mafic dikes. Mafic dikes have a very high concentration of incompatible elements, for example, Ba, Rb, Sr, K, rare earth elements, and especially light rare earth elements (LREE), and negative anomalies of Nb, Ta, and Ti in the normalized trace element patterns. The initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and εSr(t) of the mafic dikes are 0.70634–0.71193 and +27.7 to +112.2, respectively. In the 87Sr/86Sr versus εNd(t) diagram, the Hainan Island mafic dikes plot between fields for depleted mantle and enriched mantle type 2. All these characteristics show that the mantle (source region) of mafic dikes in this area experienced metasomatism by fluids relatively enriched in LREE and large ion lithophile elements. The genesis of Hainan Island mafic dikes is explained as a result of the mixing of asthenospheric mantle with lithospheric mantle that experienced metasomatism by the subduction of the Pacific Plate. This is different from the Hainan Island Cenozoic basalts mainly derived from depleted asthenospheric mantle, and possibly, minor metasomatised lithospheric mantle. This study suggests that the Mesozoic and Cenozoic lithospheric revolutions in Hainan Island can be divided into three stages: (1) the compression orogenesis stage before 98 Ma. The dominant factor during this stage is the subduction of the ancient Pacific Plate beneath this area. The lithospheric mantle changed into enriched mantle type 2 by metasomatism; (2) the thinning and extension stage during 61–98 Ma. The dominant factor during this stage is that the asthenospheric mantle invaded and corroded the lithospheric mantle; and (3) the large-scale thinning and extension stage after 61 Ma. The large-scale asthenospheric upwelling results in the strong erupting of Cenozoic basalts, large-scale thinning of the lithosphere, the southward translating and counterclockwise rotating of Hainan Island, and the opening of the South China Sea.