Effect of sediment resuspension on underwater light field in shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: A case study in Longgan Lake and Taihu Lake

Based on three continuous in situ underwater light field measurement under different wind waves conditions in Longgan Lake, Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake in July 2003 and littoral zone near TLLER in July 2004, respectively, the effects of sediment resuspension caused by wind waves on PAR diffuse attenuation, absorption coefficients and euphotic depths are analyzed. In Longgan Lake, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients during small, middle and large wind waves were 1.74, 2.02 and 2.45 m^?1, respectively, and the corresponding PAR spectral diffuse attenuations ranged from 0.98 to 2.97, 1.34 to 3.95 and 1.80 to 5.40 m^?1, respectively. In Meiliang Bay, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients were 2.63, 3.72, 4.37 m^?1 during small, middle and large wind waves. PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients increased by 41% and 66% from small to middle, large wind waves, respectively. Absorption coefficients integrated over the range of PAR of CDOM, phytoplankton were 0.26, 0.28 m^?1; 0.76, 0.49 m^?1, respectively during middle and large wind waves. Absorption coefficients integrated over the range of PAR of non-algal particulate matter and total suspended particulate matter increased from 0.94 to 1.73 m^?1, and from 1.70 to 2.22 m^?1, respectively during middle and large wind waves. Relative contributions of absorption coefficients of non-algal particulate matter to total absorption coefficient integrated over the range of PAR were 44.14%, 65.05%, respectively, during middle and large wind waves. PAR euphotic depths decreased by 0.40, 0.19, 0.20 m from middle to large wind waves in Longganhu Lake, Meliang Bay and littoral zone near TLLER. Significant correlations were found between transparency, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients, euphotic depths and total suspended particulate matter, wind velocity, wave height. Most significant correlations were found between transparency, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients, euphotic depths and inorganic suspended particulate matter but low correlations for chlorophyll a, dissolved organic carbon. Increase of total suspended particulate matter, especially inorganic suspended particulate matter caused by wind waves was the dominant factor affecting underwater light field in shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River based on observations at three stations.     

A Comparative Study of Pollutant Removal Stability in Hybrid Wetland Columns

This study investigated the effects of two alternative substrates(wood mulch and zeolite) on the performance of three laboratory-scale hybrid wetland systems that had identical system components and configurations.Each system consisted of a vertical flow(VF) wetland column,followed by a horizontal flow(HF) column and a vertical flow column.The substrates employed were wood mulch,gravel and zeolite,and Phragmites australis were planted in each column.The systems received synthetic wastewater,with pollutant loadings in the range of 8.5-38.0 g/(m2·d) total nitrogen(TN) and 4.0-46.4 g/(m2·d) biological oxygen demand(BOD5).Wood mulch and zeolite substrates showed higher efficiencies in terms of removing nitrogenous compounds and biodegradable organics.The supply of organic carbon from the organic mulch substrates enhanced denitrification,while adsorption of influent ammoniacal nitrogen(NH4-N) in zeolite played a major role in the removal of nitrogenous species in the wetland columns.Overall,the average percentage removals of TN and BOD5 reached >66% and >96% respectively,indicating stable performances by the hybrid wetland systems under the experimental loading ranges.Mathematical models were developed,based on the combination of Monod kinetics and continuously-stirred tank reactor(CSTR) flow patterns to describe the degradation of nitrogenous compounds.Predictions by the models closely matched the experimental data,indicating the validity and potential application of Monod kinetics in the modelling and design of treatment wetlands.     

利用机载LiDAR点云数据提取城区道路

提出一种从机载LiDAR点云中提取城区道路的方法。首先,利用机载LiDAR点云的高程和强度属性,对末次回波点云进行去噪、滤波和分类后获取初始道路点云;然后使用基于边长和面积阈值的约束Delaunay不规则三角网方法精化初始道路点云;最后采用α-Shapes方法从精化后的道路点集中提取道路轮廓,并用数学形态学细化方法提取道路中心线。试验结果表明,该方法提取的城区道路正确率和完整性较高。     

面向CORS服务的管理信息系统的研究与开发

针对当前国内CORS管理应用的需求与现状,开发出基于CORS平台的管理信息系统。系统可实现对Trimble GPS Net、GZGeoTrans等核心软件的统一管理,使得系统管理员的日常作业更加规范化和系统化,并为用户的生产作业提供了更加高效的服务。     

晓天—磨子潭韧性剪切带变形模拟及其对北大别穹隆构造演化的指示

现今出露在北大别穹隆北界上的晓天—磨子潭韧性剪切带是早白垩世造山后伸展活动的产物。野外观测、室内石英C轴组构与运动学涡度测量指示,这一NWW—SEE走向、倾向NNE的韧性剪切带,呈现为正左旋走滑运动,以简单剪切变形为主。该剪切带内现今所保留运动学特征及其在空间上的变化反映其形成后经历过旋转改造。以实测组构为约束的变形模拟揭示,该剪切带在早期伸展活动时为中地壳内上盘向280°方位运动的水平韧性剪切带,后在北大别穹隆上拱中被动地抬升而成为现今状态。北大别穹隆西强东弱的上隆幅度是晓天—磨子潭韧性剪切带被不均匀抬升和旋转的主要原因。该剪切带与北大别穹隆皆为早白垩世造山后重力垮塌中形成的,具有科迪勒拉型变质核杂岩特征。     

大型凹陷向斜区油气倒灌式成藏——以松辽盆地三肇凹陷扶杨油层为例

三肇凹陷扶杨油层为典型大型凹陷向斜区油气倒灌式成藏,利用300条地震剖面、825口井曲线、11口井岩芯和探评井试油资料对扶杨油层断层特征及运动期次、油气下排深度、储层沉积特征等油气成藏主控因素综合研究表明：T2断层受控于基底断层、下部火山口、斜向拉张和伸展量差异四种因素具有平面密集成带、剖面“似花状”组合特征,且油气成藏期活动的油源断层多数为断层密集带边界断层;理论计算超压驱动油气下排深度和实际油底包络面统计扶杨油层含油厚度约为200m;重矿物分析扶杨油层主要受北部拜泉—青冈和西南保康物源影响,两物源在徐家围子地区交汇后向东流出;沉积微相揭示扶杨油层发育向上逐渐退积的河控浅水三角洲沉积体系,顶部为三角洲前缘亚相,中—下部为三角洲分流平原亚相,其中扶Ⅰ7—扶Ⅱ1小层为水退最大期,是油气富集主要层位。明水组末期青山口组源岩达到生油高峰,油气在超压作用下沿开启的断层密集带边界断层幕式下排后沿两侧上升盘河道砂体做短距离侧向运移,即断层密集带两侧地垒或断阶块为油气富集区,而断层密集带内多为地堑式组合,不利于油气聚集,在成藏模式指导下刻画出47个油气富集目标区,为松辽盆地北部扶杨油层下一步的勘探与开发指明了方向。     

川东“侏罗山式”褶皱的数值模拟及成因探讨

本文通过采用有限差分法（FLAC）对“侏罗山式”褶皱进行数值模拟发现,层间粘聚力差异和上覆压力是控制隔档式褶皱、隔槽式褶皱样式的主要因素,即层间的能干性差异和埋深的控制。当地层在埋深较浅时,层间能干性差异对褶皱样式起主控作用,能干性差异小时出现隔槽式褶皱,差异大时出现隔档式褶皱。随着埋深加大,压力逐渐起主要作用,这时仅出现隔槽式褶皱。川东东带褶皱地层总体上层间能干性差异小,因而盖层的深部与浅部皆出现隔槽式褶皱,与模拟结果一致。西带褶皱地层总体层间能干性差异大,因而浅部出现隔档式褶皱。而其深部的下古生界地层主要受上覆压力控制,根据模拟推测应为隔槽式褶皱。     

岩质滑坡−碎屑流的运动距离计算公式研究

滑坡?碎屑流的远程运动距离是碎屑流体所能够达到的最大堆积距离,是灾害预警和评估的重要指标。通过总结已有碎屑流运动距离研究成果,从岩体势能入手开展研究,并结合量纲分析,首先建立了运动距离与势能之间的基本方程。其后,采用4种颗粒材料开展岩质碎屑流滑槽试验,研究碎屑体体积V、滑移区坡度?、碎屑粒径d以及最大垂直运动距离H等对碎屑流运动距离L的影响,通过逐步拟合回归,建立了基于势能的岩质滑坡?碎屑流最大水平运动距离的计算公式。最后,采用汶川地震触发的38个岩质碎屑流以及17个其他典型岩质滑坡碎屑流数据对计算公式进行了验证,结果表明,考虑该运动距离计算公式具有较好的可靠性,能够为山区滑坡?碎屑流灾害预警工作提供理论指导。     

云南荒田大型铅锌矿床的成因:流体包裹体和C- H- O- S- Pb同位素地球化学约束

荒田铅锌矿位于扬子板块西南缘,与华夏地块和三江地块相接,属峨眉山大火成岩省的南延部分,川-滇-黔铅锌银多金属成矿域的南部。矿体赋存于上二叠统峨眉山玄武岩底部与下二叠统茅口组接触面上及其附近的玄武质-灰质角砾岩层中。本文应用流体包裹体和C-H-O-S-Pb同位素地球化学研究手段,来探讨荒田铅锌矿的成因。流体包裹体分析表明,成矿流体性质具有阶段性演化特征,早期硫化物阶段(阶段Ⅰ)出现含子矿物包裹体、CO_2包裹体和H_2O包裹体的组合发育特征,均一温度介于245～320℃,平均为270℃;到中期硫化物阶段(阶段Ⅱ)和晚期硫化物阶段(阶段Ⅲ)则逐渐变为以H_2O包裹体为主要类型,均一温度分别介于180～250℃和100～210℃,平均为224℃和174℃。随着成矿作用的进行,成矿流体的均一温度和盐度均表现出从早阶段到晚阶段逐渐降低的趋势。显微激光拉曼光谱分析显示流体包裹体的液相成分主要为H_2O,气相成分为H_2O、CO_2、CH_4以及N_2。碳、氧同位素组成(δ~(13)C_(PDB)值介于-8.54‰～3.76‰,δ~(18)O_(SMOW)值介于8.57‰～24.22‰)在δ~(18)O-δ~(13)C图上分布于原生碳酸岩和海相碳酸盐岩之间,指示CO_2可能来自地幔、海相沉积碳酸盐岩溶解和沉积物中有机质的脱羟基作用。氢氧同位素组成(δD值介于-97.4‰～-71.4‰,δ~(18)O_水值介于-4.6‰～8.0‰)在δD-δ~(18)O图上落在岩浆水和大气降水的过渡带上,推测热液流体运移过程中与顺层下渗的大气降水流体混合,期间可能有海水的加入。矿石硫化物的δ~(34)S值介于-5.5‰～10.3‰,指示矿化剂硫具有多种来源,除了直接来自玄武岩外,还来自古海水硫酸盐和碳酸盐岩地层,硫酸盐通过热化学还原(TSR)过程发生还原作用。矿石硫化物铅的~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb比值分别为38.320～39.365、15.603～15.860和18.136～18.786,数据分布呈线性趋势,几乎所有点均落在地壳铅平均演化线以上,且位于峨眉山组玄武岩、碳酸盐岩地层和基底岩石的Pb同位素组成范围之内,说明成矿物质具有多源性,铅同位素在成矿之前存在均一化过程。结合成矿物质和成矿流体来源,以及区域成矿地球动力学背景,认为荒田铅锌矿属于密西西比河谷型(MVT)叠加岩浆热液改造型矿床。