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261.
Seyed Hossein Hezaveh Elie Bou-Zeid John Dabiri Matthias Kinzel Gerard Cortina Luigi Martinelli 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2018,169(2):275-296
Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are being reconsidered as a complementary technology to the more widely used horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs) due to their unique suitability for offshore deployments. In addition, field experiments have confirmed that vertical-axis wind turbines can interact synergistically to enhance the total power production when placed in close proximity. Here, we use an actuator line model in a large-eddy simulation to test novel VAWT farm configurations that exploit these synergistic interactions. We first design clusters with three turbines each that preserve the omni-directionality of vertical-axis wind turbines, and optimize the distance between the clustered turbines. We then configure farms based on clusters, rather than individual turbines. The simulations confirm that vertical-axis wind turbines have a positive influence on each other when packed in well-designed clusters: such configurations increase the power generation of a single turbine by about 10 percent. In addition, the cluster designs allow for closer turbine spacing resulting in about three times the number of turbines for a given land area compared to conventional configurations. Therefore, both the turbine and wind-farm efficiencies are improved, leading to a significant increase in the density of power production per unit land area. 相似文献
262.
Ashley Gerard Davies Christophe Sotin Dennis L. Matson Julie Castillo-Rogez Torrence V. Johnson Mathieu Choukroun Kevin H. Baines 《Icarus》2010,208(2):887-895
As on Earth, Titan’s atmosphere plays a major role in the cooling of heated surfaces. We have assessed the mechanisms by which Titan’s atmosphere, dominantly N2 at a surface pressure of 1.5 × 105 Pa, cools a warm or heated surface. These heated areas can be caused by impacts generating melt sheets and (possibly) by endogenic processes emplacing cryolavas (a low-temperature liquid that freezes on the surface). We find that for a cooling cryolava flow, lava lake, or impact melt body, heat loss is mainly driven by atmospheric convection. Radiative heat loss, a dominant heat loss mechanism with terrestrial silicate lava flows, plays only a minor role on Titan. Long-term cooling and solidification are dependent on melt sheet or flow thickness, and also local climate, because persistent winds will speed cooling. Relatively rapid cooling caused by winds reduces the detectability of these thermal events by instruments measuring surface thermal emission. Because surface temperature drops by ≈50% within ≈1 day of emplacement, fresh flows or impact melt may be difficult to detect via thermal emission unless an active eruption is directly observed. Cooling of flow or impact melt surfaces are orders of magnitude faster on Titan than on airless moons (e.g., Enceladus or Europa).Although upper surfaces cool fast, the internal cooling and solidification process is relatively slow. Cryolava flow lengths are, therefore, more likely to be volume (effusion) limited, rather than cooling-limited. More detailed modeling awaits constraints on the thermophysical properties of the likely cryomagmas and surface materials. 相似文献
263.
John Gerard Doyle Steven Chapman Paul Bryans David Pérez-Suárez Avninda Singh Hugh Summers Daniel Wolf Savin 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2010,10(1)
Comparison of appropriate theoretically derived line ratios with observational data can yield estimates of a plasma’s physical parameters,such as electron density or temperature.The usual practice in the calculation of the line ratio is the assumption of excitation by electrons/protons followed by radiative decay.Furthermore,it is normal to use the so-called coronal approximation,i.e.one only considers ionization and recombination to and from the ground-state.A more accurate treatment is to include ionizati... 相似文献
264.
Roderik A. Overzier Qi Guo Guinevere Kauffmann Gabriella De Lucia Rychard Bouwens Gerard Lemson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,394(2):577-594
Motivated by recent observational studies of the environment of z ∼ 6 QSOs, we have used the Millennium Run (MR) simulations to construct a very large (∼4°× 4°) mock redshift survey of star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 6 . We use this simulated survey to study the relation between density enhancements in the distribution of i 775 -dropouts and Lyα emitters, and their relation to the most massive haloes and protocluster regions at z ∼ 6 . Our simulation predicts significant variations in surface density across the sky with some voids and filaments extending over scales of 1°, much larger than probed by current surveys. Approximately one-third of all z ∼ 6 haloes hosting i -dropouts brighter than z = 26.5 mag (≈ M *UV, z =6 ) become part of z = 0 galaxy clusters. i -dropouts associated with protocluster regions are found in regions where the surface density is enhanced on scales ranging from a few to several tens of arcminutes on the sky. We analyse two structures of i -dropouts and Lyα emitters observed with the Subaru Telescope and show that these structures must be the seeds of massive clusters in formation. In striking contrast, six z ∼ 6 QSO fields observed with Hubble Space Telescope show no significant enhancements in their i 775 -dropout number counts. With the present data, we cannot rule out the QSOs being hosted by the most massive haloes. However, neither can we confirm this widely used assumption. We conclude by giving detailed recommendations for the interpretation and planning of observations by current and future ground- and space-based instruments that will shed new light on questions related to the large-scale structure at z ∼ 6 . 相似文献
265.
266.
Use of inhibitors for coastal bacteria and phytoplankton: Application to nitrogen uptake measurement
Aurore Trottet Eric Fouilland Christophe Leboulanger Elodie Lanouguère Marc Bouvy 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011
For several decades, prokaryotic and eukaryotic inhibitors have been used to exclude bacteria from microalgal cultures and for investigating prey-predator relationships. Recently there has been considerable interest in using specific inhibitors for studying the interactions between bacteria and phytoplankton, by selective repression of either organism’s activity. The effectiveness of chemical inhibitors must be tested before applying them to natural communities to partition metabolic activities between functional groups. Six different antibiotics selected from the most commonly reported in the literature were tested, at concentrations varying from 12.5 to 100 mg L−1, for their effect on bacterial growth and functional diversity of natural communities from Mediterranean coastal waters. Penicillin and streptomycin each at a final concentration of 100 mg L−1 significantly reduced bacterial growth within 2 h. There was a greater impact on bacterial functional diversity when both antibiotics were mixed together. This mixture did not have any significant effect on the growth of selected cultured phytoplankton strains, whereas the eukaryote inhibitor cycloheximide at 100 mg L−1 reduced growth within 2 h of incubation. The penicillin–streptomycin mixture and cycloheximide alone successfully partitioned NH4+ and NO3− uptake between bacteria and phytoplankton bi-weekly sampled in a coastal lagoon in Autumn, where bacterial contribution to total NH4+ and NO3− uptake averaged 46 and 41%, respectively. The use of specific inhibitors may be a valuable method for studying interactions, such as competition and mutualism, or lack of interaction between the different components of microbial communities and could be used to study their relative importance in biogeochemical fluxes. 相似文献
267.
Ingrid KrönckeHenning Reiss Jacqueline D. EggletonJohn Aldridge Magda J.N. BergmanSabine Cochrane Johan A. CraeymeerschSteven Degraer Nicolas DesroyJean-Marie Dewarumez Gerard C.A. DuineveldKarel Essink Hans HillewaertMarc S.S. Lavaleye Andreas MollStefan Nehring Richard NewellEivind Oug Thomas PohlmannEike Rachor Mike RobertsonHeye Rumohr Michaela SchratzbergerRebecca Smith Edward Vanden Berghe Jan van DalfsenGert van Hoey Magda VincxWouter Willems Hubert L. Rees 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011,94(1):1-15
The North Sea Benthos Project 2000 was initiated as a follow-up to the 1986 ICES North Sea Benthos Survey with the major aim to identify changes in the macrofauna species distribution and community structure in the North Sea and their likely causes.The results showed that the large-scale spatial distribution of macrofauna communities in the North Sea hardly changed between 1986 and 2000, with the main divisions at the 50 m and 100 m depth contours. Water temperature and salinity as well as wave exposure, tidal stress and primary production were influential environmental factors on a large (North Sea-wide) spatial scale.The increase in abundance and regional changes in distribution of various species with a southern distribution in the North Sea in 2000 were largely associated with an increase in sea surface temperature, primary production and, thus, food supply. This can be most likely related to the North Sea hydro-climate change in the late 1980s influenced by the variability in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Only one cold-temperate species decreased in abundance in 2000 at most of the stations. Indications for newly established populations of offshore non-native species were not found.Differences in macrofauna community structure on localised spatial scales were predominantly found north of the 50 m depth contour off the British coast along the Flamborough Head Front towards the Dogger Bank, off the coast of Jutland and at the Frisian Front. These changes were most likely attributed to stronger frontal systems in 2000 caused by the increased inflow of Atlantic water masses in relation to the hydro-climate change in the late 1980s. 相似文献
268.
Gerard B. M. Heuvelink Peter A. Burrough 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(3):231-246
Abstract When data on environmental attributes such as those of soil or groundwater are manipulated by logical cartographic modelling, the results are usually assumed to be exact. However, in reality the results will be in error because the values of input attributes cannot be determined exactly. This paper analyses how errors in such values propagate through Boolean and continuous modelling, involving the intersection of several maps. The error analysis is carried out using Monte Carlo methods on data interpolated by block kriging to a regular grid which yields predictions and prediction error standard deviations of attribute values for each pixel. The theory is illustrated by a case study concerning the selection of areas of medium textured, non-saline soil at an experimental farm in Alberta, Canada. The results suggest that Boolean methods of sieve mapping are much more prone to error propagation than the more robust continuous equivalents. More study of the effects of errors and of the choice of attribute classes and of class parameters on error propagation is recommended. 相似文献
269.
270.
Filip Biljecki Gerard B.M. Heuvelink Hugo Ledoux Jantien Stoter 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(12):2269-2294
While error propagation in GIS is a topic that has received a lot of attention, it has not been researched with 3D GIS data. We extend error propagation to 3D city models using a Monte Carlo simulation on a use case of annual solar irradiation estimation of building rooftops for assessing the efficiency of installing solar panels. Besides investigating the extension of the theory of error propagation in GIS from 2D to 3D, this paper presents the following contributions. We (1) introduce varying XY/Z accuracy levels of the geometry to reflect actual acquisition outcomes; (2) run experiments on multiple accuracy classes (121 in total); (3) implement an uncertainty engine for simulating acquisition positional errors to procedurally modelled (synthetic) buildings; (4) perform the uncertainty propagation analysis on multiple levels of detail (LODs); and (5) implement Solar3Dcity – a CityGML-compliant software for estimating the solar irradiation of roofs, which we use in our experiments. The results show that in the case of the city of Delft in the Netherlands, a 0.3/0.6 m positional uncertainty yields an error of 68 kWh/m2/year (10%) in solar irradiation estimation. Furthermore, the results indicate that the planar and vertical uncertainties have a different influence on the estimations, and that the results are comparable between LODs. In the experiments we use procedural models, implying that analyses are carried out in a controlled environment where results can be validated. Our uncertainty propagation method and the framework are applicable to other 3D GIS operations and/or use cases. We released Solar3Dcity as open-source software to support related research efforts in the future. 相似文献