济南西北部碳酸盐岩热储浅埋区热异常机理研究

为了探寻济南岩体北部碳酸盐岩热储浅埋地热异常区形成机理,利用地质钻探编录、抽水试验、测温、水质分析测试等手段,对碳酸盐岩浅埋地热异常区地质特征、热储物性特征、地温场特征、水化学特征等进行研究,结果表明：碳酸盐岩浅埋区热储层发育在奥陶纪灰岩地层中,热储层岩溶裂隙发育,热储埋深150~1000m,地热异常区盖层地温梯度为7. 2~11. 5℃/100m,水化学类型为SO4- Ca型,TDS为1. 3~1. 5g/L,地热水中含有对人体有益的微量元素,地热水来源为大气降水,地热水中50年以前入渗的“古水”占主导;明确了热源除正常的地温传导之外,济南岩体阻挡迫使水流深循环加热后上涌,断裂沟通深部热源等也是地热异常区形成的重要因素。     

Key Groundwater Control Factors of Deep Buried Coalfield by Landform and Sedimentation in the Northern Ordos Basin

There were three landforms (i.e. desert, bedrock platform and loess gully) in deep-buried coalfield of northern Ordos Basin. Water inflow of working face in desert area was 1~2 orders of magnitude larger than that in other landform areas. In order to find out the key controlling factors of the directly water filled aquifers on the roof of the coal seam, we carried out research from the aspects of topography, landform and geological sedimentation. The results showed that desert landform provides abundant recharge water for underlying aquifers because of gentle topography, large precipitation infiltration coefficient, thick and water-rich quaternary system. While bedrock platform and loess gully landform were the water sources with weak recharge capacity of underlying aquifers. The sandstone-mudstone interbedding structure formed by continental deposits resulted in the absence of regional stable aquifers in Jurassic and Cretaceous strata on the roof of coal seams. Pumping tests of boreholes showed that all strata belong to weak to medium water-rich aquifers. The groundwater level of Cretaceous aquifer decreased by 20~130 m in three mines. There was a close hydraulic relationship between shallow and deep aquifers. The Mesozoic strata belonged to fluvial deposits. Qilizhen sandstone and Zhenwudong sandstone aquifers were mainly developed on the roof of the coal seam, which were characterized by thick medium-coarse sandstone sections. The geological and sedimentary conditions of direct water-filled aquifer were similar, but the amount of borehole water, cumulative pre-drainage water and water inflow from goaf in desert geomorphic area were much larger than those in bedrock platform and loess gully geomorphic area. The water-rich of the aquifer was mainly controlled by geomorphology, and the water sources of the deep aquifers were meteoric precipitation and Quaternary aquifer. In different mines with similar Quaternary conditions in Mu Us Desert, there were also great differences in the amount of borehole water, cumulative pre-drainage water and water inflow from goafs. The difference was related to the thickness and lithology of the aquifers. It reflected that the geological sedimentary conditions of the coal seam roof were also important factors to control the water-rich of the aquifers. Topography, landform and geological sedimentation were the key factors to control the water-rich of the aquifer directly and the water inflow from the working face.     

开敞式潮滩-潮沟系统发育演变动力机制——Ⅲ.海平面上升影响

为研究海平面上升对潮滩-潮沟系统的影响,以江苏中部粉砂淤泥质海岸为原型,建立变态物理模型,模拟研究在不同海平面潮汐过程作用下的潮沟发育和演变过程,分析了潮滩淹没历时、排水密度、潮沟断面形态等特征参数变化规律。研究表明:潮沟在发育初期伸长速率高于拓宽速率,最终趋于动态平衡;海平面上升后,潮滩淹没历时增加,露滩时间缩短,归槽水对潮沟底床的塑造作用减弱;平均归槽水流长度和Horton排水长度均随海平面上升呈现出减小趋势,潮沟的排水能力增强;潮沟断面宽深比服从对数正态分布,随着海平面上升,潮沟断面面积和宽深比均呈现出增大趋势,宽深比分布范围变广。     

A review of advances in China’s flash flood early-warning system

This paper summarizes the main flash flood early-warning systems of America, Europe, Japan, and Taiwan China and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The latest development in flash flood prevention is also presented. China’s flash flood prevention system involves three stages. Herein, the warning methods and achievements in the first two stages are introduced in detail. Based on the worldwide experience of flash flood early-warning systems, the general research idea of the third stage is proposed from the viewpoint of requirements for flash flood prevention and construction progress of the next stage in China. Real-time dynamic warning systems can be applied to the early-warning platform at four levels (central level, provincial level, municipal level, and county level) . Through this, soil moisture, peak flow, and water level can be calculated in real-time using distributed hydrological models, and then flash flood warning indexes can be computed based on defined thresholds of runoff and water level. A compound warning index (CWI) can be applied to regions where rainfall and water level are measured by simple equipment. In this manner, flash-flood-related factors such as rainfall intensity and antecedent and cumulative rainfall depths can be determined using the CWI method. The proposed methodology for the third stage could support flash flood prevention measures in the 13th 5-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China (2016–2020). The research achievements will serve as a guidance for flash flood monitoring and warning as well as flood warning in medium and small rivers.     

Distribution and geochemical significance of trace elements in shale rocks and their residual kerogens

There is a dearth of information about the distribution of trace elements in kerogen from shale rocks despite several reports on trace element composition in many shale samples. In this study, trace elements in shale rocks and their residual kerogens were determined by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. The results from this study show redox-sensitive elements relatively concentrated in the kerogens as compared to the shales. This may be primarily due to the adsorption and complexation ability of kerogen, which enables enrichment in Ni, Co, Cu, and Zn. For the rare earth elements (REEs), distinct distribution characteristics were observed for shales dominated by terrigenous minerals and their kerogen counterparts. However, shales with less input of terrigenous minerals showed similar REE distribution patterns to their residual kerogen. It is speculated that the distribution patterns of the REEs in shales and kerogens may be source-related.     

黔东南重磁异常与金异常特征及找矿意义

为了深入挖掘黔东南地区的找矿潜力,对黔东南地区区域重磁异常进行解释,研究东部地区的天锦黎金矿密集区及西部地区的金化探异常分布特征,发现金矿床(点)和金化探(元素、块体)异常的产出,同重、磁异常平面分布和推断的岩浆岩侵入体(基性岩类、酸性岩、构造蚀变岩)及区域性深大断裂构造(东西向、南北向)的分布,存在着空间、时间和成因上的联系,由此拓开了黔东南天锦黎金矿密集区及外围金矿地质找矿的新思路,不要只限于在相关地质层位里和北东向构造及伴生断裂(即“背斜加一刀”)交会处及其附近,来寻找变质碎屑岩中的脉型金矿。     

内蒙古北山地区蓬勃山南石英闪长岩LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年及其意义

对内蒙古北山地区蓬勃山南石英闪长岩进行了岩石地球化学分析,结果表明:SiO2含量55.57%~64.80%,Al2O3含量为14.23%~16.38%,σ值1.02~1.99,K2O/Na2O<1为主,A/CNK为0.82~1,全碱含量K2O+Na2O为3.71%~6.16%,稀土总量ΣREE为(53.77~162.47)×10-6,LREE/HREE为3.55~7.84,轻重稀土分异不明显,(La/Yb)N=2.51~7.99,δEu为0.52~1.06.该岩体的LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb同位素测年结果表明,其形成时间在310.59±0.88~302±1 Ma之间,相当于晚石炭世晚期.综合分析认为,蓬勃山南石英闪长岩侵位反映了洋壳俯冲的消减熔融岩浆事件.     

大兴安岭中段林西组砂岩LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及其地质意义

大兴安岭中段扎赉特旗西北部分布大面积的晚二叠世林西组沉积地层,该沉积地层主要为长石砂岩、粉砂岩、长石岩屑砂岩夹不同规模的含砾砂岩及灰岩,中部含有较为丰富的双壳类、植物化石。本次研究针对林西组下部的长石岩屑砂岩进行LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石U-Pb测年工作,共获得98个有效年龄,年龄分布范围为（2 552.3±22.5）~（227.6±5.4）Ma,大部分年龄位于谐和曲线上,部分结果偏离曲线,根据测试数据按年龄值和频率分布特征大致分为以下几组：上泥盆世—晚二叠世（380.0~246.1 Ma）、志留纪—寒武纪晚期（489.0~413.8 Ma）、中元古代—新元古代（1 239.5～808.1 Ma）、古元古代（2 554.0～1 784.3 Ma）。上述年龄与区域上的岩浆事件基本吻合。综合研究表明研究区内林西组沉积下限为（253.4±1.5） Ma,林西组的物源主体应来自于西拉木伦河—延吉一线,其余锆石来源主要为兴蒙造山带内部、华北板块北缘和东北各地块,1.8和2.5 Ga的碎屑锆石更有可能来自华北板块北缘,华北板块和西伯利亚板块在（253.4±1.5） Ma之前已经完成碰撞、拼合,古亚洲洋已经闭合,兴蒙海槽形成。林西组海相核形石的发现表明晚二叠世大兴安岭中段地区应以海相环境为主,直到三叠纪早期才逐渐转变为陆相沉积环境。