Adsorption of rare earth elements onto Carrizo sand: Experimental investigations and modeling with surface complexation

Rare earth element (REE) adsorption onto sand from a well characterized aquifer, the Carrizo Sand aquifer of Texas, has been investigated in the laboratory using a batch method. The aim was to improve our understanding of REE adsorption behavior across the REE series and to develop a surface complexation model for the REEs, which can be applied to real aquifer-groundwater systems. Our batch experiments show that REE adsorption onto Carrizo sand increases with increasing atomic number across the REE series. For each REE, adsorption increases with increasing pH, such that when pH >6.0, >98% of each REE is adsorbed onto Carrizo sand for all experimental solutions, including when actual groundwaters from the Carrizo Sand aquifer are used in the experiments. Rare earth element adsorption was not sensitive to ionic strength and total initial REE concentrations in our batch experiments. It is possible that the differences in experimental ionic strength conditions (i.e., 0.002-0.01 M NaCl) chosen were insufficient to affect REE adsorption behavior. However, cation competition (e.g., Ca, Mg, and Zn) did affect REE adsorption onto Carrizo sand, especially for light rare earth elements (LREEs) at low pH. Rare earth element adsorption onto Carrizo sand can be successfully modeled using a generalized two-layer surface complexation model. Our model calculations suggest that REE complexation with strong surface sites of Carrizo sand exceeds the stability of the aqueous complexes LnOH²⁺, LnSO₄⁺, and LnCO₃⁺, but not that of Ln(CO₃)₂^- or LnPO₄^o in Carrizo groundwaters. Thus, at low pH (<7.3), where major inorganic ligands did not effectively compete with surface sites for dissolved REEs, free metal ion (Ln³⁺) adsorption was sufficient to describe REE adsorption behavior. However, at higher pH (>7.3) where solution complexation of the dissolved REEs was strong, REEs were adsorbed not only as free metal ion (Ln³⁺) but also as aqueous complexes (e.g., as Ln(CO₃)₂^- in Carrizo groundwaters). Because heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) were preferentially adsorbed onto Carrizo sand compared to LREEs, original HREE-enriched fractionation patterns in Carrizo groundwaters from the recharge area flattened along the groundwater flow path in the Carrizo Sand aquifer due to adsorption of free- and solution-complexed REEs.     

遗传规划在岩石力学中的应用

本文探讨了遗传规划这一新的优化方法在岩石力学参数确定中的应用。由于影响岩石力学性能的各因素之间关系不明确,而遗传规划特别适用于各影响因素之间因果关系不明确的复杂非线性问题。它为预测岩石力学性能提供了一条新的技术途径。通过例子,说明该方法的实用性。     

软岩地区钻孔嵌岩灌注桩承载力确定的探讨

单桩承载力的确定,在桩基础的设计中占有重要地位。但在软岩地区由于地层岩性的不同,单桩承载力的实际工作性状与国家规范的规定之间不尽相同。根据实测资料对软岩地区的单桩承载力的确定方法进行探讨,综合考虑嵌岩段侧阻力与端阻力之间的相互协调对嵌岩段所能提供的承载力的影响,提出一种新的计算方法,并结合工程实例,进行验证。     

骨架矿物—粘土矿物碱耗协同效应研究

选择了克拉玛依油田二中区Ｔ２ｋ１砂砾岩储层中的六种储层矿物,石英,正长石,微斜长石,Ｃａ－蒙脱石,高岭石,伊利石。在不同的条件下研究了这六种矿物的碱耗量,还研究骨架矿物与粘土矿物按照一定的质量配比而成的复配矿物的碱耗量,探讨了矿物碱耗的协同效应,结果表明单矿物的碱耗序列为,蒙脱石（Ｓ）〉高岭石（Ｋ）〉伊利石（Ｉ）〉微斜长石（Ｍ）〉石英（Ｑ）〉正长石（Ｊ）,复配物的碱耗总体上受粘土矿物控制,尤其是蒙     

煤层气试井设计方法

注入压降试井可以获取煤层气储层的重要参数。注入的压力、排量以及注入和压降段的时间是关系到试井成功与否的关键因素。用实例说明了如何进行煤层气井的注入压降试井设计。     

柴达木震旦纪—三叠纪盆地演化研究

柴达木盆地震旦纪-三叠纪构造演化经历了2 个一级构造旋回,即震旦纪-中泥盆世开合旋回和晚泥盆世-三叠纪开合旋回,它们与祁连洋、赛什腾-锡铁山洋、昆仑洋和阿尔金洋在不同阶段伸展张裂、俯冲消减和闭合作用有关,其分划性时间界面分别为800Ma、377 Ma 和208 Ma,时间跨度分别为423 Ma 和169 Ma.第一个旋回自震旦纪开始张裂,柴达木形成大陆裂谷盆地;寒武纪-中奥陶世伸展为被动大陆边缘,柴达木表现为克拉通内(伸展)盆地;晚奥陶世开始俯冲消减,泥盆纪晚期碰撞闭合,柴达木形成克拉通内(挤压)盆地。第二个旋回表现为海西-印支期与南昆仑洋有关的弧后拉张-弧后造山事件,柴达木在晚泥盆世-早二叠世形成弧后裂陷盆地,晚二叠世-三叠纪形成弧后前陆盆地。在两个开合旋回的末期,均发生大规模盆地反转作用,导致柴达木及邻区构造格局、海陆分布和沉积特征发生根本变化。     

张八岭地区变质地层序列与构造型式

运用构造与地层相结合的理论和方法，通过对张八岭地区已完成和正在进行的１０幅１：５万地质填图资料分析和典型地区的构造追踪，初步认为：北将军（岩）组自下而上分为三段，时代置于中元古代，获铅同位素年龄样值为１８２１±４１６Ｍａ；西冷（岩）组自下而上分为三段，时代置于青白口纪。区内主要存在三期构造交形：早期为一系列呈ＮＷＷ－近ＥＷ向的紧闭同斜褶皱，中期以韧性剪切带发育为特征，晚期以ＮＮＥ向为主的宽缓褶皱。三期变形共同叠加，形成区内基本构造格架。并对变形机制作初步探讨。     

马庄山金矿床中石英特征与金矿化的关系

马庄山金矿床中自然金,除与多金属硫化物密切共生与伴生外,主要脉石矿物就是石英。历次的构造运动,多期的矿液活动及演化,无不在石英的宏观构造和微观构造上有直接或间接的反应。系统详细地研究这些构造,可以指示金矿的找矿方向及扩大金矿储量     

不同时间尺度洛川塬地貌演化与侵蚀量估算

黄土高原降雨集中与黄土沉积松散等特性,使地表侵蚀严重。洛川塬作为黄土高原中部典型的地貌体,堆积了完整的第四纪黄土-古土壤序列,成为揭示我国乃至东亚第四纪环境演变的重要地质记录。另一方面,现在洛川塬遭受强烈侵蚀作用,沟谷密度大于2km/km2。对洛川塬地质时期侵蚀程度的定量认识有助于全面理解黄土高原堆积和侵蚀过程,进而定量判断在自然过程和人为作用下黄土高原侵蚀的未来趋势。本文利用GIS和RS技术,结合第四纪地质的研究,在定量提取地貌数据和获得侵蚀期年代的基础上,分析了洛川塬地貌特征和具代表性的黑木沟侵蚀状况,认为洛川塬已经进入地貌发育的壮年时期。通过地统计方法中的空间插值恢复古地形面,得到洛川塬自550ka以来平均侵蚀模数约为272.6t/km2·a,黑木沟自250ka以来侵蚀模数为464.1t/km2·a; 基于通用土壤流失方程得到洛川塬现在的侵蚀模数达到4389t/km2·a。这些结果显示,现代洛川塬的侵蚀强度是550ka以来平均侵蚀强度的16倍。本文从定量的角度证明,人类的土地利用等加强了水土流失强度。     

长江三峡巴东县黄土坡前缘斜坡变形数据本构分析预测研究

应用数据本构分析方法,对三峡库区巴东县黄土坡前缘斜坡变形发展趋势进行了分析预测,阐明了数据本构分析预测对斜坡地质灾害的分析、防治意义