全文获取类型
收费全文 | 328篇 |
免费 | 4篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 7篇 |
大气科学 | 41篇 |
地球物理 | 87篇 |
地质学 | 73篇 |
海洋学 | 31篇 |
天文学 | 54篇 |
自然地理 | 39篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 1篇 |
2021年 | 6篇 |
2020年 | 1篇 |
2019年 | 3篇 |
2018年 | 3篇 |
2017年 | 3篇 |
2016年 | 10篇 |
2015年 | 7篇 |
2014年 | 9篇 |
2013年 | 17篇 |
2012年 | 15篇 |
2011年 | 10篇 |
2010年 | 13篇 |
2009年 | 11篇 |
2008年 | 13篇 |
2007年 | 9篇 |
2006年 | 22篇 |
2005年 | 13篇 |
2004年 | 15篇 |
2003年 | 11篇 |
2002年 | 18篇 |
2001年 | 16篇 |
2000年 | 7篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 6篇 |
1997年 | 8篇 |
1996年 | 7篇 |
1995年 | 3篇 |
1994年 | 5篇 |
1993年 | 8篇 |
1992年 | 3篇 |
1991年 | 2篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 2篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 4篇 |
1973年 | 5篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有332条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
G. H. Born E. J. Christensen L. K. Seversike 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1974,9(1):41-53
The concept of employing osculating reference position and velocity vectors in the numerical integration of the equations of motion of a satellite is examined. The choice of the reference point is shown to have a significant effect upon numerical efficiency and the class of trajectories described by the differential equations of motion. For example, when the position and velocity vectors on the osculating orbit at a fixed reference time are chosen, a universal formulation is yielded. For elliptical orbits, however, this formulation is unattractive for numerical integration purposes due to Poisson terms (mixed secular) appearing in the equations of motion. Other choices for the reference point eliminate this problem but usually at the expense of universality. A number of these formulations, including a universal one, are considered here. Comparisons of the numerical characteristics of these techniques with those of the Encke method are presented. 相似文献
82.
Tim Bayliss-Smith Katherine V. Gough reas Egelund Christensen Søren Pilgaard Kristensen 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2010,31(1):55-69
This paper explores the changing nature of social institutions and organizations for resource management on Ontong Java and their central role in maintaining livelihoods. Using detailed field data for three time periods, 1970–72, 1986 and 2006–07, and drawing on earlier secondary data, a longitudinal analysis of changes in governance and livelihoods is undertaken. Increased exploitation of marine resources has widened the resource base and increased people's access to goods and services. Following the ban in 2005 on the bêche-de-mer trade, however, livelihoods have reverted to being more subsistence oriented. For almost two decades after 1978, a communal organization, the Area Council, succeeded in regulating exploitation of the atoll's marine resources to ensure sustainable use, but in the 1990s it collapsed. In addition there was a paralysis of institutions that had once settled land disputes. This failure of atoll governance is a greater threat to future 'sustainability' than the usual processes that are invoked for atolls and small islands generally. As the Solomon Islands state is also failing, we argue that local institutions and organizations have a vital role to play in managing access to resources and the future of livelihoods on Ontong Java atoll. 相似文献
83.
We study magnetic field variations in numerical models of the geodynamo, with convection driven by nonuniform heat flow imposed at the outer boundary. We concentrate on cases with a boundary heat flow pattern derived from seismic anomalies in the lower mantle. At a Rayleigh number of about 100 times critical with respect to the onset of convection, the magnetic field is dominated by the axial dipole component and has a similar spectral distribution as Earth’s historical magnetic field on the core-mantle boundary (CMB). The time scales of variation of the low-order Gauss coefficients in the model agree within a factor of two with observed values. We have determined the averaging time interval needed to delineate deviations from the axial dipole field caused by the boundary heterogeneity. An average over 2000 years (the archeomagnetic time scale) is barely sufficient to reveal the long-term nondipole field. The model shows reduced scatter in virtual geomagnetic pole positions (VGPs) in the central Pacific, consistent with the weak secular variation observed in the historical field. Longitudinal drift of magnetic field structures is episodic and differs between regions. Westward magnetic drift is most pronounced beneath the Atlantic in our model. Although frozen flux advection by the large-scale flow is generally insufficient to explain the magnetic drift rates, there are some exceptions. In particular, equatorial flux spot pairs produced by expulsion of toroidal magnetic field are rapidly advected westward in localized equatorial jets which we interpret as thermal winds. 相似文献
84.
Williams James H. Wilson Thomas M. Horspool Nick Lane Emily M. Hughes Matthew W. Davies Tim Le Lina Scheele Finn 《Natural Hazards》2019,96(3):1167-1211
Natural Hazards - Tsunamis can have severe impacts on society. In addition to casualties and damage to buildings, they can also damage and disrupt critical infrastructure. To support effective risk... 相似文献
85.
Jennifer A. Jay Matthew E. Pritchard Michael E. West Douglas Christensen Matthew Haney Estela Minaya Mayel Sunagua Stephen R. McNutt Mario Zabala 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(4):817-837
Using a network of 15 seismometers around the inflating Uturuncu Volcano from April 2009 to 2010, we find an average rate
of about three local volcano-tectonic earthquakes per day, and swarms of 5–60 events a few times per month with local magnitudes
ranging from −1.2 to 3.7. The earthquake depths are near sea level, more than 10 km above the geodetically inferred inflation
source and the Altiplano Puna Magma Body. The Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake on 27 February 2010 triggered hundreds of earthquakes
at Uturuncu with the onset of the Love and Rayleigh waves and again with the passage of the X2/X3 overtone phases of Rayleigh
waves. This is one of the first incidences in which triggering has been observed from multiple surface wave trains. The earthquakes
are oriented NW–SE similar to the regional faults and lineaments. The b value of the catalog is 0.49, consistent with a tectonic origin of the earthquakes. We perform ambient noise tomography using
Love wave cross-correlations to image a low-velocity zone at 1.9 to 3.9 km depth below the surface centered slightly north
of the summit. The low velocities are perhaps related to the hydrothermal system and the low-velocity zone is spatially correlated
with earthquake locations. The earthquake rate appears to vary with time—a seismic deployment from 1996 to 1997 reveals 1–5
earthquakes per day, whereas 60 events/day were seen during 5 days using one seismometer in 2003. However, differences in
analysis methods and magnitudes of completeness do not allow direct comparison of these seismicity rates. The rate of seismic
activity at Uturuncu is higher than at other well-monitored inflating volcanoes during periods of repose. The frequent swarms
and triggered earthquakes suggest the hydrothermal system is metastable. 相似文献
86.
Existing numerical methods for the solution of the diffusion-convection equation are unsatisfactory for convection dominated flow problems. A new finite element method incorporating the method of characteristics for the solution of the diffusion-convection equation with constant coefficients in one spatial dimensions is derived. This method is capable of solving diffusion-convection equation without any of the difficulties encountered in the existing numerical methods for the whole spectrum of dispersion from pure diffusion, through mixed dispersion, to pure convection. Several examples for the one-dimensional case are solved and results are compared with the exact solutions. The generalization of the method to variable coefficients and to the diffusion-convection equation in two space dimensions are discussed. 相似文献
87.
Christian Koch Ulrich Christensen Reinald Kallenbach 《Planetary and Space Science》2008,56(9):1226-1237
Solar tidal forces generate elevation changes of Mercury's surface of the order 1 m within one Hermean year, and solar torques on the non-symmetric permanent mass distribution of the planet cause an uneven rotation of Mercury's surface with a libration amplitude of the order of 40 arcsec. Knowledge of the precise reaction of the planet to tidal forcing, expressed by the Love numbers h2 and k2, as well as accurate knowledge of the amplitude of forced libration Φlib, puts constraints on the internal structure, for example the state and the size of the core. The MESSENGER and BepiColombo missions to Mercury carry laser altimeters, whose primary goal is to accurately map the topography. Here we investigate if the Love number h2 and the amplitude of forced libration can be determined together with the static topography of the planet from a global altimetry record. We do this by creating synthetic altimeter data for the nominal orbit of BepiColombo over the nominal mission duration of approximately four Mercury years and inverting them for the static and time-dependent parts of the topography. We assume purely Gaussian noise. We find that it is possible to extract both parameters h2 and Φlib with an accuracy of approximately 10%, while the static topography coefficients of a spherical harmonic expansion can be determined simultaneously with an accuracy at the centimetre level. Extraction of the static topography to higher harmonic degrees improves the precision of the measurement of h2 and Φlib. The simulation results demonstrate that it seems feasible to test current models on Mercury's interior with sufficient precision using BepiColombo Laser Altimeter data. 相似文献
88.
Influence of vascular plant photosynthetic rate on CH4 emission from peat monoliths from southern boreal Sweden 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Peat monoliths taken from a boreal peatland system were incubated at two different light intensities to investigate the effect of the photosynthetic rate of vascular plants ( Eriophorum angustifolium ) on net CH4 emission. The experimental set-up consisted of six replicate monoliths as controls and six where the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was reduced by 60%. NEP and total system respiration decreased significantly in response to reduced PAR. No significant changes in CH4 emission were found, but two different trends were noted. Methane emissions from the shaded monoliths initially seemed to be higher than emissions from the controls. After approximately four weeks the trend was reversed. The pattern may have been caused by "leakage" of organic compounds from inactivated roots that fueled CH4 production. It is suggested that a new balanced exchange of potential substrate carbon between the plants and the surrounding peat was established. Comparably less easily degradable carbon compounds would then become available for CH4 production. The fact that there appeared to be an effect of decreased carbon flow on CH4 emission is further supported by a tendency for lower concentrations of organic acids in porewater in the shaded monoliths at the end of the experiment. These results indicate a possible lagtime on the order of weeks before changes in photosynthesis rates and NEP have an effect onCH4 emission rates. Nevertheless it confirms the linkage between CO2 and CH4 cycling in wetland ecosystems. 相似文献
89.
Asma Ben Hamad Finn A. Viehberg Afef Khadraoui Chahira Zaïbi Yasser Trabelsi Gloria H. Mouanga Martin R. Langer Habib Abida Fekri Kamoun 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(12):316
Changes in paleoecology and climate of northern Tunisia during the last 3000 years were reconstructed based on the flood history interpreted from a 172-cm sediment core of Lake Ichkeul (NW Tunisia). Seven wet/dry episodes were identified based on biological (ostracods, foraminifera and mollusks) and biotic indices (H and E index, species richness and abundance). These proxy-based environmental changes were supported by correspondence analyses (CAs) and ecophenotypic responses of the brackish taxon Cyprideis torosa in addition to a grain-size study. Two dry episodes were identified in the lower (EP1) and upper (EP7) parts of the core. These were marked by the dominance of the brackish ostracod C. torosa. High water salinity was indicated by the presence of the brackish ostracod Loxoconcha elliptica, the foraminifer Ammonia sp. and lagoonal mollusks. The occurrence of the freshwater ostracods Ilyocypris sp., Herpetocypris sp., Dawinula stevensoni and Limnocythere inopinata was associated with high species richness and ecophenotypic changes of C. torosa valves indicating lower salinity during three major wet episodes (EP2, EP4, and EP6). The ecological and environmental changes, occurring between 3050 and 50 cal. year BP, are most likely linked to an increase of fluvial inputs which are also recognized in several other Mediterranean lakes. The humid episodes were interrupted by two saline periods (EP3 and EP5) during which freshwater ostracod assemblages declined, diversity indices dropped to the lowest values, and fine-grained sediments became dominant. The top of the core is characterized by the remarkable dominance of L. elliptica coupled with C. torosa, the absence of freshwater ostracods, and the changes in grain-size sediment parameters which are most likely the result of anthropogenic activities. The changes in hydrochemistry and sedimentology were attributed to the deepening of the Bizerte navigation canal, main wadis damming, and Tinja sluice construction which mostly occurred in the XXth century. 相似文献
90.
F. E. Christensen K. D. Joensen P. Gorenstein W. C. Priedhorsky N. J. Westergaard H. W. Schnopper 《Experimental Astronomy》1995,6(4):33-46
It is shown that compact designs of multifocus, conical approximations to highly nested Wolter I telescopes, as well as single reflection concentrators, employing realistic graded period W/Si or Ni/C multilayer coatings, allow one to obtain more than 1000 cm2 of on-axis effective area at 40 keV and up to 200 cm2 at 100 keV. The degree of concentration is defined by a focusing factor i.e., the effective area divided by the half power focal area. For the cases studied, this is 400 at 40 keV and 200 at 100 keV for a 2 arcmin imaging resolution. This result is quite insensitive to the specifics of the telescope configuration provided that mirrors can be coated to an inner radius of 3 cm. Specifically we find that a change of focal length from 5 to 12 m affects the effective area by less than 10%. In addition the result is insensitive to the thickness of the individual mirror shell provided that it is smaller than roughly 1 mm. The design can be realized with foils as thin (0.4 mm) as used for ASCA and SODART or with closed, slightly thicker (1.0 mm) mirror shells as used for JET-X and XMM. The effect of an increase of the inner radius is quantified on the effective area for multilayered mirrors up to 9 cm. The calculated Field of View (full width at half maximum), ranges from 9 arcmin at 1 keV to 5 arcmin at 60 keV. Finally, the continuum sensitivity of the design assuming a signal to noise ratio of 5 and a 10% energy bandwidth has been calculated. For a balloon flight observation of 104 sec. with a telescope having 2 arcmin imaging resolution the point source sensitivity is 3 · 10–6 photons/cm2/s/keV up to 70 keV for a W/Si coated telescope and up to 100 keV for a Ni/C coated telescope. For a satellite observation time of 105 sec and an imaging resolution of 1 arcmin the sensitivity is 10–7 photons/cm2/s/keV which demonstrates the great potential of this hard X-ray imaging telescope in the energy range up to 100 keV. 相似文献