Weighted total least squares: necessary and sufficient conditions, fixed and random parameters

A standard errors-in-variables (EIV) model refers to a Gauss–Markov model with an uncertain model matrix from a geodetic perspective. Least squares within the EIV model is usually called the total least squares (TLS) technique because of its symmetrical adjustment. However, the solutions and computational advantages of the weighted TLS problem with a general weight matrix (WTLS) are mostly unknown. In this study, the WTLS problem was solved using three different approaches: iterative methods based on the normal equation, the iteratively linearized Gauss–Helmert model with algebraic Jacobian matrices, and numerical analysis. Furthermore, sufficient conditions for WTLS optimization were investigated systematically as proposed solutions yield only necessary conditions for optimality. A WTLS solution was considered to treat random parameters within the EIV model. Last, applications to test these novel algorithms are presented.     

利用机载LiDAR数据提取与分析地裂缝

机载激光扫描可获取植被茂密地区的数字地形模型(DTM),但将其用于茂密植被覆盖区地裂缝提取方法的研究还不多见。以湖南冷水江市浪石滩为试验区,基于机载Li DAR的激光点云数据,研究了植被覆盖区地裂缝的提取方法,分析了地裂缝的微地貌特征。首先对离散的三维激光点云数据依次进行基于不规则三角网滤波、高程滤波及回波信息强度滤波提取地面点,以保留完整的微地貌微特征;然后构建不规则三角网,反距离加权内插生成数字高程模型(DEM),提取地裂缝识别参数,同时基于最小曲率对地裂缝进行线性探测,提取地裂缝的长度信息,且利用地裂缝剖面信息分析其微特征,结合识别参数分析地裂缝的稳定性。研究结果表明:利用机载Li DAR点云数据提取的地裂缝识别参数,能够确定地裂缝的位置、坡度坡向、长度和深度信息,有助于判定地裂缝的稳定性;在植被较为茂密、地面点密度稀疏的区域,保留一定的低矮植被所提取到的DEM能更好地保留地裂缝的微地貌特征。     

国土资源部门户网站全球地质矿产信息发布平台设计与开发

为满足社会公众深度获取地质矿产信息服务的需求,基于国土资源门户信息服务平台开展了全球地质矿产信息系统的建设实践和应用研究工作,实现了对全球地质矿产图文数据、关系数据、GIS地理信息数据、统计分析图表数据等多类型信息内容的统一管理、集成和发布,提升国土资源信息化服务水平。本文从建设思路、总体架构和功能设计等方面详细阐述了系统的开发和建设情况。     

基于抗差估计的GPS／CoMPASS组合实时差分定位算法

在GPS／cOMPASS组合差分定位基础上,引入抗差估计方法,通过降权调整合有粗差观测值对定位的影响,利用路测试验,对比RTK的厘米级定位,结果表明：抗差GPS／COMPASS组合实时差分定位优于非抗差定位,平面精度在2．0m左右。     

The influence of irrigation and Wuliangsuhai Lake on groundwater quality in eastern Hetao Basin,Inner Mongolia,China

Geochemical and isotopic characterization of groundwater and lake-water samples were combined with water and total dissolved solids balances to evaluate sources of groundwater quality deterioration in eastern Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. Groundwater quality is poor; 11 of 13 wells exceed drinking-water guidelines for at least one health-based parameter and all wells exceed aesthetic guidelines. The well water is largely derived from Yellow River irrigation water. Notably high uranium concentrations in the Yellow River, relative to world rivers, suggest groundwater uranium and other trace elements may originate in the river-derived irrigation water. Complex hydrostratigraphy and spatial variation in groundwater recharge result in spatially complex groundwater flow and geochemistry. Evapotranspiration of irrigation water causes chloride concentration increases of up to two orders of magnitude in the basin, notably in shallow groundwater around Wuliangsuhai Lake. In addition to evapotranspiration, groundwater quality is affected by mineral precipitation and dissolution, silicate weathering, and redox processes. The lake-water and TDS balances suggest that a small amount of discharge to groundwater (but associated with very high solute concentrations) contributes to groundwater salinization in this region. Increasing salinity in the groundwater and Wuliangsuhai Lake will continue to deteriorate water quality unless irrigation management practices improve.     

Environmental geology in loess areas of China

There are several unfavorable geological hazards in the loess area of China. The major purposes of environmental geology studies in this region are to expound the causes of these hazards and to determine treatments. Geological hazards include endemic diseases, depletion of groundwater, land subsidence, ground fissures, soil erosion, and collapsibility of loess. This article is a summary of studies regarding these hazards. Keshan disease and Kaschin-Beck disease, for example, can be prevented and cured by adding selenates to table salt. Ponds can be constructed on the loess plateau and dikes around farmlands to collect rainfall to recharge groundwater resources. Excess extraction of groundwater is the major cause of land subsidence. Ground fissures in Xi'an are primarily caused by tectonics, but over-extraction of ground-water strengthens its activity. Observation stations should be established in order to forecast and prevent landslides. Planting trees in a regional shelterbelt is the primary measure necessary to prevent soil erosion. As a result of these geological studies, valuable experience in preventing collapse of loess in China has been gained.     

高密度电阻率法测量多排列数据拼接及误差校正方法研究

根据高密度电阻率法相邻二个排列之间有相当重叠部分这个特点,提出将高密度各个单一排列剖面连接在一起,组成一个多排列数据拼接一起并进行误差校正。为抑制相邻排列间数据系统误差影响,运用多排列数据拼接系统误差的校正方法,这是一种最小二乘准则下的计算方法。通过实际例子证明,该方法在解决多排列拼接过程中系统误差问题是十分可行、有效的。     

基于SWMM-CCHE2D耦合模型的海绵城市内涝管控效果评价

为了解决暴雨导致的城市内涝,为应急管理提供技术支撑,考虑城市暴雨过程及海绵地表特性,结合城市水文学及水力学原理和芝加哥雨型,建立了SWMM-CCHE2D耦合模型。结合高精度地形数据和降雨、径流实时监测数据,采用SWMM雨洪模型模拟暴雨条件下海绵城市的产流,耦合高精度的二维水动力模型CCHE2D模拟相应的内涝情况。结果表明：暴雨条件下通州海绵区的产汇流具有缓慢下渗和汇流的特性,主要海绵措施的加入对径流削减率会有9.0%~40.6%不同程度的提高,从而减缓内涝,其中,对5年一遇暴雨的效果最显著;在100年一遇暴雨下设计的各种海绵措施中,生物滞留带对径流削减率的提高程度最明显,高达28.4%,透水铺装和绿地也具有较好的效果。     

中天山天湖东铁钼矿含矿片麻状花岗岩年代学、地球化学和锆石Hf同位素-对于中天山早古生代构造演化的启示

以中天山东段的天湖东铁钼矿含矿花岗岩为例,在LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学测定其为早古生代花岗岩（（445.3±4.6） Ma）基础上,通过岩相学、地球化学及锆石原位Hf同位素组成等多方面研究,探讨该岩体的成岩作用及其构造背景。天湖东含矿片麻状花岗岩的主要矿物为斜长石、石英、钾长石,并含少量黑云母和角闪石等。全岩地球化学分析结果表明,该片麻状花岗岩高硅、弱富铝、富钙、富钠而贫钾,ASI值为0.68~0.82,属于准铝质钙碱性花岗岩,总体上富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）Rb、Ba等和轻稀土元素La、Ce、Nd等,而亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、Yb等,轻重稀土分异明显,轻稀土分异较为明显,而重稀土分异不明显,表现出典型岛弧岩浆岩的地球化学特征。锆石的ε_Hf(445 Ma)值为-6.31~-1.77,二阶段Hf模式年龄（T_DM2）为1.538~1.825 Ga,表明该花岗岩的源区主要为壳源物质。综合分析上述资料,认为天湖东铁钼矿片麻状花岗岩是由俯冲过程中地壳物质重熔的产物。结合前人的研究和本课题组的新近研究成果认为,在早古生代时,中天山为岩浆弧构造环境,形成一系列的钙碱性岩浆岩,而该岩浆弧的形成可能是受到介于吐哈陆块和塔里木板块之间的古天山大洋在早古生代时期向南俯冲而形成的。     

中国历史时期气候变化影响及其应对的启示简

The social impact of global climate change is one of the hotspots in the current research. To deal with the challenges from climate change, it could be learned from the adapting experiences and lessons to climate change in the history. The main achievements of cognition on the historical impacts of climatic change in China and on coping with the climate changes in the future based the published papers in recent years is summarized. The followings are the main conclusions. ①The general characteristics of the impacts of climatic change in the history was negative in the cold periods and positive in the warm periods, but there were regional differences in the impact and responses. ②The cooling trend on centurial scale and the social economic decline run concurrently. The rapid development supported by better resources and environment in the warm period could lead to the increase of the social vulnerability when the climate turned to the cold period. ③Strategies and policies to cope with the climate change in the history were adopted according to the temporal and spatial circumstances and the subjects. Initiative adaptation promoted by governments was an effective way.