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11.
Scott M. MCLENNAN 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2003,38(6):895-904
Abstract— Basaltic shergottites display a systematic decrease in K/Th, K/U, and K/La ratios with increasing K content. These trends are interpreted as mixing lines between relatively young martian magmas derived from highly depleted mantle sources and an ancient large‐ion lithophile (LIL) element‐enriched crustal component. One implication of this is that a substantial fractionation of these ratios occurs during the early crustal differentiation on Mars. Isotopic evidence from SNC meteorites and compositional data from Pathfinder and orbital gamma ray spectroscopy suggest that in excess of 50% of the LIL element complement of Mars resides in the crustal reservoir. If so, the primitive mantle of Mars is significantly more volatile‐depleted (i.e., lower K/Th, K/U, K/La) than previously thought but probably (though not necessarily) still less volatile‐depleted than the primitive mantle of the Earth. The La/Th ratios of virtually all SNC meteorites are subchondritic, including those with the most severe LREE‐depletion. Extrapolation of the basaltic shergottite trend suggests that both the depleted mantle end member and the enriched crustal end member have subchondritic La/Th ratios. This is in contrast with the Earth where basalts from LIL element‐depleted sources such as MORB have superchondritic La/Th ratios, complementary to the subchondritic ratios of the continental crust. Accordingly, assuming that the refractory elements are in chondritic proportions for the Mars primitive mantle, an additional major geochemical reservoir must exist on Mars that may not yet have been sampled. 相似文献
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Methane, a potential biosignature, has recently been detected in the martian atmosphere. This Note focuses on field investigations/operational simulations and laboratory studies which resulted in successful detection of methane within arid terrestrial soils, as distinct from the usual methanogen environment, but in at least partial analogy to martian conditions. 相似文献
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S. P. Plunkett G. E. Brueckner K. P. Dere R. A. Howard M. J. Koomen C. M. Korendyke D. J. Michels J. D. Moses N. E. Moulton S. E. Paswaters O. C. St. Cyr D. G. Socker D. Wang G. M. Simnett D. K. Bedford D. A. Biesecker C. J. Eyles S. J. Tappin R. Schwenn P. L. Lamy A. Llebaria 《Solar physics》1997,175(2):699-718
We report observations by the Large Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) on the SOHO spacecraft of three coronal green-line
transients that could be clearly associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) detected in Thomson-scattered white light.
Two of these events, with speeds >25 km s-1, may be classified as ‘whip-like’ transients. They are associated with the core of the white-light CMEs, identified with
erupting prominence material, rather than with the leading edge of the CMEs. The third green-line transient has a markedly
different appearance and is more gradual than the other two, with a projected outward speed <10 km s-1. This event corresponds to the leading edge of a ‘streamer blowout’ type of CME. A dark void is left behind in the emission-line
corona following each of the fast eruptions. Both fast emission-line transients start off as a loop structure rising up from
close to the solar surface. We suggest that the driving mechanism for these events may be the emergence of new bipolar magnetic
regions on the surface of the Sun, which destabilize the ambient corona and cause an eruption. The possible relationship of
these events to recent X-ray observations of CMEs is briefly discussed.
Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004981125702 相似文献
16.
Marie K. McCabe Zdeněk F. Švestka Russell A. Howard Bernard V. Jackson Neil R. Sheeley Jr. 《Solar physics》1986,103(2):399-408
By using a combination of X-ray (HXIS), H (Haleakala), white-light corona (Solwind), and zodiacal light (Helios) images on 21–22 May, 1980 we demonstrate, and try to explain, the co-existence of a coronal mass ejection with a stationary post-flare coronal arch. The mass ejection was seen, both by Solwind and Helios, in prolongation of the path of a powerful spray, whereas the active region filament did not erupt. A tentative comparison is made with other occurrences of stationary, or quasi-stationary post-flare coronal arches. 相似文献
17.
R. Scott Anderson Renata B. Jass Jaime L. Toney Craig D. Allen Marcey Hess Julianna Fessenden 《Quaternary Research》2008,69(2):263-275
Chihuahueños Bog (2925 m) in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico contains one of the few records of late-glacial and postglacial development of the mixed conifer forest in southwestern North America. The Chihuahueños Bog record extends to over 15,000 cal yr BP. An Artemisia steppe, then an open Picea woodland grew around a small pond until ca. 11,700 cal yr BP when Pinus ponderosa became established. C/N ratios, δ13C and δ15N values indicate both terrestrial and aquatic organic matter was incorporated into the sediment. Higher percentages of aquatic algae and elevated C/N ratios indicate higher lake levels at the opening of the Holocene, but a wetland developed subsequently as climate warmed. From ca. 8500 to 6400 cal yr BP the pond desiccated in what must have been the driest period of the Holocene there. C/N ratios declined to their lowest Holocene levels, indicating intense decomposition in the sediment. Wetter conditions returned after 6400 cal yr BP, with conversion of the site to a sedge bog as groundwater levels rose. Higher charcoal influx rates after 6400 cal yr BP probably result from greater biomass production rates. Only minor shifts in the overstory species occurred during the Holocene, suggesting that mixed conifer forest dominated throughout the record. 相似文献
18.
Imad A.M. Ahmed Neil M.J. Crout Scott D. Young 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(6):1498-1512
Time-dependent sorption and desorption of Cd on calcite was studied over 210 days utilizing 109Cd as a tracer to distinguish between ‘labile’ and ‘non-labile’ forms of sorbed Cd. Stabilizing the calcite suspensions for 12 months under atmospheric PCO2 and controlled temperature was necessary to reliably follow Cd dynamics following initial sorption. Results revealed time-dependant Cd sorption and marked desorption hysteresis by calcite under environmentally relevant conditions. Data obtained were fitted to a first-order kinetic model and a concentric shell diffusion model. Both models described the progressive transfer of Cd2+ to a less reactive form within calcite and subsequent desorption of Cd subject to different initial contact times. The kinetic model provided a better fit to the combined sorption and desorption data (R2 = 0.992). It differentiates between two ‘pools’ of sorbed Cd2+ on calcite, ‘labile’ and ‘non-labile’, in which labile sorbed Cd is in immediate equilibrium with the free Cd2+ ion activity in solution whereas non-labile Cd is kinetically restricted. For the diffusion model (R2 = 0.959), the rate constants describing Cd dynamics in calcite produced a half-life for Cd desorption of ∼175 d, for release to a ‘zero-sink’ solution. Results from this study allow comment on the likely mechanisms occurring at the calcite surface following long-term Cd sorption. 相似文献
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20.
Coastal sand delivery by a stream in southern California is estimated based on a numerical model which stimulates unsteady flow, sediment transport, and the associated channel adjustments for a stream-delta system. An average annual sediment yield of 51,400 m3/yr is estimated for the San Dieguito River, which drains a semiarid watershed controlled by dams. Of the total sand delivery by the stream, 20.5 percent is contributed from floods greater than the 100-year flood; 17.6 percent from those between the 50- and 100-year events; 28.4 percent from those between the 25- and 50 year floods; and 33.5 percent from those smaller than the 25-year flood. 相似文献