On Data Interpolation at Three Croatian Repeat Stations by Using the Spherical Elementary Currents Systems Method

A general mathematical tool for expanding vector systems on a sphere into basis functions, spherical elementary current system (SECS) method, was applied for separation of the geomagnetic field variations into external and internal parts, over a limited region of central and southeastern Europe. The registered variations at three Croatian repeat stations were compared to the variations estimated by the SECS method using the variations from the different sets of observatories. The results of the SECS method were also compared to a simple assumption that the variations at repeat station are equal to those at particular observatory. The relevance of this comparison was to get an insight about the possibility of using the SECS method for estimating the geomagnetic field variations over Croatia. The guidelines for the application of the SECS method for the purpose of reducing repeat station data were also given.     

Estimation of the normal geomagnetic field and geological interpretation of the normal field anomalies over middle-northern Croatia

Based on the ground survey of total-field magnetic data at 53 sites, which recorded a time-series over the interval 2003–2005, the core field + long wavelength lithospheric field over the middle-northern Croatia region was calculated. The area of the survey was 18900 km², an average distance between the neighbouring sites being 12 km. The results were reduced to 2004.5 epoch. This “normal” total-field was estimated using the firstorder Taylor polynomial as a function of geographic coordinates, and the polynomial coefficients were calculated with three methods of adjustment: simple and weighted least squares fits and adjustment according to the most frequent value. The stability of the normal field was tested using the Monte Carlo-type test, by decreasing the input data set in each adjustment (up to 90%). All obtained field residuals (measured-“normal”) were mutually compared, as well as fit coefficients of the Taylor polynomials. The residual values indicate the presence of shorter-wavelength anomalies, specifically three major residual anomalies were found (−106 nT, 74 nT and 57 nT). The geostatistical analysis of the ground survey data and the normal field residuals (respectively), using the median absolute deviation method, was further conducted in order to evaluate the calculated anomalies. The geological situation around the anomalies derived by the median absolute deviation method, and around the normal field residual anomalies, is given. The correlation was found between higher value anomalies of the normal field residuals, and shallow volcanic rocks and oil field, respectively.     

On the breakdown of zircon upon “dry” thermal annealing

Zircon samples without and with secondary chemical alteration from diverse sources were subjected to heat treatment at 1400 °C for 96 h. Resulting new phases and textures suggest that decomposition of zircon into component oxides occurred in all experiments to various degrees. The crucible material was found to have a strong influence on the extent of breakdown, especially in the case of altered starting materials. In this study the progressive stages of the breakdown of zircon grains are described. The factors that may govern the decomposition are discussed, including radiation damage, secondary alteration and external reaction conditions (sample container, atmosphere). Alumina crucibles should generally be avoided in dry annealing of zircon, to minimise uncontrolled breakdown into oxides.     

Spectroscopic and bond-topological investigation of interstitial volatiles in beryl from Slovakia

Nine beryl samples from Western Carpathians, Slovakia, were investigated by infrared and Raman spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis. Two types of water H₂O I and H₂O II were detected. Infrared spectroscopy proved the presence of water type I and II in the presence of alkali cations with several bands: (1) symmetric stretching vibration—ν₁; (2) antisymmetric stretching mode—ν₃; (3) bending vibration—ν₂. The presence of singly and doubly coordinated type II water (IIs and IId) was confirmed by single-crystal IR spectroscopy. From Raman spectra a band at 3606 cm^?1 was assigned to ν₁ of water type I and the range of 3597–3600 cm^?1 to water type II. The presence of doubly coordinating water indicates a relatively highly hydrated environment with the presence of alkali ions including Na as the dominant cation coordinated by H₂O II. CO₂ bands were detected only by single-crystal IR spectroscopy. Thermal analysis proved total water loss in the range of 1.4–2.0 wt% and three main dehydration events. Based on the study of bond-topological arrangements two molecules of H₂O IId are each bound with two H···O1 bonds and one Na–O_W bond with an angular distortion, and by releasing one H₂O molecule more stable H₂O IIs is produced. The H₂O I molecule is bound only by two equivalent hydrogen bonds. The H₂O IIs molecule with a Na–O_W bond strength of 0.28 vu and two H···O1 bonds of 0.14 vu without any forced angular distortion is the most stable of all.     

The OH site in topaz: an IR spectroscopic investigation

The OH site in topaz is investigated by IR spectroscopy depending on the OH concentration and temperature. The two OH bands that can be distinguished are due to the local ordering of F and OH in opposite sites of the crystal structure. The first typical sharp band stems from OH groups with fluorine in the opposite (=acceptor) site. The second band occurs as a shoulder on the low-energy wing and is related to two opposite OH groups. The degree of local OH–OH ordering depends on the OH concentration and, due to statistical F/OH distribution, can be predicted by probability calculations. The substitution of OH for F has a non-linear effect on the increase of the lattice parameters. An autocorrelation analysis of the IR spectra revealed two temperature-induced phase transitions. At −135°C, the local symmetry changes from P1 to Pbn2₁, although this change involves only the H atoms. The transition from Pbn2₁ to Pbnm at 160°C is caused by changes of the local F/OH ordering in the crystal structure.     

Walther Penck 1921: Pläne für eine deutsche Pazifik-Expedition

Sans résumé     

OH defects in forsterite

Polarized FTIR spectra of near endmember forsterite single crystals from Pamir, Tadzikistan show the existence of sharp strongly pleochroic absorption bands in the region of the OH stretching fundamental. Bands centered at 3674/3624, 3647/3598 and 3640/ 3592 cm^-1 are attributed to OH dipoles oriented parallel to [100]. An OH band doublet at 3570/3535 cm^-1 shows both, a strong absorption parallel to [100] and a strong component parallel to [001]. On the basis of the pleochroic scheme and under the assumption of vacancies on Si- and M-sites it is proposed that O1 is partially replaced by OH defects pointing to the vacant Si-site. O3 is donator oxygen of OH dipoles lying near the O3-O1 tetrahedral edge or roughly pointing to a vacant M2-site. Also O2 can act as donator oxygen of an OH group oriented along the O2-O3 edge of a vacant M1 octahedron. The splitting of the bands is explained by the presence of Fe²⁺ in cation sites surrounding the OH defects.     

Rezente submarine Metallogenese

Zusammenfassung Metallverbindungen werden dem Meeresboden im wesentlichen von oben in terrigenen, vulkanogenen oder biogenen Körnern, als kolloidale Flocken oder über adsorptive Vorgänge, von unten durch hydrothermale Lösungen oder diagenetische Prozesse zugeführt. Sie können sich nach den bisher bekannten Beispielen vor allem in Gebieten mit geringem Sedimentzuwachs anreichern, im Strandbereich durch mechanische Sortierung als Seifen, in der Tiefsee bei zurücktretender terrigener und biogener Zufuhr oder zusätzlicher starker Kalklösung durch mechanische oder/und chemische Vorgänge als Manganknollen oder Erzschlämme. Viele dieser Vorgänge sind im heutigen Meer weder im Prinzip noch in deren regionaler oder gar lokaler Bedeutung hinlänglich bekannt. Viele gut untersuchte fossile Fälle sind zudem rezent noch nicht entdeckt worden. Deshalb können Voraussagen für das Vorkommen spezifischer Metalle noch kaum gewagt werden.

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Metal compounds are essentially supplied to the sea bottom from above by terrigenous, volcanogenic or biogenic particles, by colloids or by adsorptive processes. From below they are supplied by hydrothermal solutions or diagenetic processes. To date, these compounds are known to be concentrated especially in areas of reduced sedimentation: On marine beaches placer deposits are found formed by sorting effects due to wave action. On the deep sea bottom metal-bearing muds and manganese nodules occur in areas with limited terrigenous or biogenic supply or in areas of strong carbonate dissolution. Mechanical and/or chemical processes are involved. Many of these processes in recent seas are not understood in principal nor are they well-known regionally or even locally. Up to now many intensively investigated fossil examples have not been detected on the present sea floor. Therefore only very few predictions about occurrences of concentrations of specific metals are possible.

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Résumé Des composés métalliques sont amenés au fond de la mer d'en haut par des grains terrigènes, vulcanogènes et biogènes, comme flocules colloïdales ou par des processus d'adsorption, et par en bas par des solutions hydrothermales ou des phénomènes de diagenèse. D'après les exemples connus jusqu'ici, ces composés métalliques peuvent être enrichis dans des régions à faible vitesse de sédimentation: Près de la plage des concentrations de minéraux lourds se forment par classement mécanique. Dans la mer profonde des nodules de manganèse ou des boues métallifères se forment par des procédés mécaniques ou/et chimiques, dans des régions où la sédimentation terrigène et biogène est très réduite ou dans des régions à forte dissolution de calcaire. Beaucoup de ces phénomènes ne sont bien connus dans les mers actuelles, ni en principe ni dans leur importance régionale ou même locale. Beaucoup de cas fossiles bien étudiés n'ont pas encore été retrouvés sur le fond des mers actuelles. C'est pourquoi, des prédictions sur la présence de métaux spécifiques ne sont presque pas possibles actuellement.

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Für technische Hilfe möchte ich mich bei den Herren Dr.Fütterer, Dr.Hartmann, Jäger und Frl.Bornhöft bedanken.     

Anisotropic pyrite: A polishing effect

Some 250 pyrite samples from 50 localities were examined by ore microscopic methods. Two final polishing procedures were applied during sample preparation: (a) 0.25 μm or 0.1 μm diamond pastes on “Microcloth”, (b) an alkaline silica solution on “Microcloth”. With the exception of (111) sections, procedure (a) always resulted in the observation of optical anisotropy, while procedure (b) led to isotropic behaviour. Electron channeling patterns showed a strongly damaged surface for samples prepared by method (a), whereas for samples prepared by method (b) and for untreated pyrite faces an undisturbed lattice was observed. This strongly indicates that pyrite is optically isotropic, and that the frequently observed anisotropy is caused by surface deformation due to mechanical polishing procedures. Studies of the isotypic mineral sperrylite (PtAs₂), as well as similar investigations on cuprite and minerals of the spinel group, confirm the correlation between surface deformation and optical anisotropy.