Analyse conjointe des régimes pluviométriques et hydrologiques dans le bassin de la Tafna (Algérie Occidentale)

Résumé

La variabilité du climat, une gestion non optimale de la ressource en eau et l'intensification des activités anthropiques pourraient être les trois facteurs majeurs menaçant les écoulements et l'état de la ressource en eau dans les sous-bassins algériens. C'est le cas du bassin de la Tafna dans la partie occidentale de l'Algérie. Ce bassin est situé dans une région au climat semi-aride. Outre l'influence des précipitations, nous examinerons dans cet article la contribution possible d'autres facteurs (géologiques, topographiques et anthropiques) à la variabilité des écoulements dans le bassin de la Tafna. Pour cela, en plus de l'analyse du régime pluviométrique et des débits, nous avons choisi d'analyser le baseflow index ou BFI et les débits de base. Cinq sous-bassins de la Tafna, où des données journalières de pluie et de débit étaient disponibles sur la période 1976–2006 ont été étudiés. L'analyse, qui a distingué deux sous-régions déterminées par la topographie: les bassins d'altitude et ceux de plaine, montre que, selon leur contexte géologique, les sous-bassins ont des comportements différents en terme d'écoulement. Les zones en altitude présentant un écoulement de base et un BFI plus importants que les bassins de plaine. Ceci peut être relié à la nature lithologique des formations, les bassins d'altitude présentant une composante karstique importante. Les analyses de tendance/rupture sur les précipitations annuelles ne montrent aucune tendance significative sur la période 1976–2006. On note une baisse des débits moyens annuels uniquement sur deux stations en altitude (significatives aux seuils 1 et 10% respectivement). Une tendance à une diminution significative des débits de base est obtenue sur deux bassins d'altitude et un bassin de plaine (au seuil 1 ou 5%). La baisse du BFI est significative au seuil 1% pour seulement une station d'altitude. Ceci serait le signe d'une baisse du stock dans les bassins d'altitude. La modification des écoulements de base sur certains sous-bassins de la Tafna serait donc imputable à des causes, notamment de nature anthropique, ne relevant pas d'une diminution de la pluviométrie.

Editeur Z.W. Kundzewicz; Editeur associé M. Lang

Citation Bakreti, A., Braud, I., Leblois, E., et Benali, A. 2013. Analyse conjointe des régimes pluviométriques et hydrologiques dans le bassin de la Tafna (Algérie Occidentale). Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (1), 1–19.     

Infrared spectroscopic properties of goethite: anharmonic broadening,long-range electrostatic effects and Al substitution

The infrared spectrum and its temperature dependence (20–320 K) were collected on a synthetic goethite sample (α-FeOOH). In addition, the infrared powder absorption spectrum of goethite and aluminum-substituted goethite was computed using ab initio quantum mechanical calculations based on density functional theory. This combined experimental and theoretical approach allows (1) the unequivocal assignment of absorption bands to the corresponding vibrational modes, (2) separate identification of the effects of the particle shape and of the aluminum substitution on the infrared spectrum, and (3) a discussion of the anharmonic properties and the origin of the line broadening in goethite. In particular, the two well-resolved OH bending absorption bands show different temperature evolution. Their detailed analysis suggests that the broadening of the band at ~800 cm^?1 cannot be described solely by a usual three-phonon process. The strong anharmonic behavior of this mode implies the addition of a four-phonon process, such as a pure dephasing process. In our calculations, the effect of the Hubbard U correction is also investigated and found to be most visible on the OH stretching and bending modes, in relation to the associated structural relaxation. The OH stretching frequencies decrease, leading to a better agreement with experimental frequencies, while the OH bending frequencies increase.     

华北新太古代和中生代大陆下地壳中的水:以汉诺坝地区为例

应用显微傅里叶变换红外光谱技术,对华北克拉通北缘汉诺坝地区的太古宙地体麻粒岩和新生代玄武岩中捕虏体麻粒岩(中生代底侵成因)的主要组成矿物(单斜辉石、斜方辉石、斜长石和石榴子石)进行了详细分析.结果表明,无论是地体麻粒岩还是捕虏体麻粒岩,岩石中的主要组成矿物均含有结构水,主要以OH形式存在.同种产状麻粒岩的矿物水含量(H2O%)均存在较大的变化,而且都远远超出实验误差,表明下地壳内水的分布可能是不均一的.两种产状麻粒岩的矿物结构水含量有着显著的不同,地体麻粒岩中矿物的水含量是捕虏体麻粒岩的2倍以上.太古宙-古元古代形成的安徽女山新生代玄武岩中的捕虏体麻粒岩具有与汉诺坝太古宙地体麻粒岩相似的水含量范围,但明显高于汉诺坝中生代形成的捕虏体麻粒岩.由此看来,早期(太古宙-古元古代)下地壳的水含量要比中生代形成的下地壳高得多,这可能指示不同时代下地壳在形成机制和性质上的不同.     

Numerical investigations of extreme winds over Switzerland during 1990–2010 winter storms with the Canadian Regional Climate Model

This study reports on the ability of the Canadian Regional Climate Model to simulate the surface wind gusts of 24 severe mid-latitude storms in Switzerland during the period 1990–2010. A multiple self-nesting approach is used, reaching a final 2-km grid which is centred over Switzerland, a country characterised by complex topography. A physically-based wind gust parameterization scheme is applied to simulate local surface gusts. Model performance is evaluated by comparing simulated wind speeds to time series at weather stations. While a number of simulated variables are reproduced in a realistic manner, the surface wind gusts show differences when compared to observed values. Results indicate that the performance of this parameterization scheme not only depends on the accuracy of the simulated planetary boundary layer, the vertical temperature, wind speed and atmospheric humidity profiles, but also on the accuracy of the reproduction of the surface fields such as temperature and moisture.     

The Rocourt Tephra, a widespread 90–74 ka stratigraphic marker in Belgium

A new study of the stratigraphy and composition of the Rocourt Tephra is performed at five sites in Belgium and brackets the age of the tephra between 90.3 and 74 ka. The volcanic glass grains have a typical shape of phreatomagmatic eruption products. A large set of tephra minerals were analyzed, namely clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, amphibole, and Cr-spinel. The compositions of these minerals have been compared with the lava xenocrysts, megacrysts, and phenocrysts of the proximate Eifel volcanic province for which the origin has been determined (mantle xenoliths, high-pressure cumulates, and middle- to low-pressure magmatic phases). This allowed us to determine the likely origin of the tephra minerals. The Rocourt Tephra source could be a West Eifel volcano that was fed by a deep-seated magma batch rich in high- to middle-pressure minerals.     

变质锆石拉曼光谱研究--以大别造山带为例

对大别山的道士冲辉石岩、双河榴辉岩和碧溪岭石榴橄缆岩的锆石进行了激光拉曼探针，阴极发光（CL）观察和U、Th等微量元素的微区分析及U－Pb同位素测定，发现锆石拉曼光谱波数和半高宽都能指示其蜕晶化程度，但对于高度蜕晶化锆石，波数已经不再完全适用，而只能通过其特征谱峰半高宽来确定。碧溪岭石榴橄榄岩锆石微区微量元素和拉曼探针分析发现，半高宽和Th/U比正相关，这是由岩浆锆石在变质过程中不同程度的固态重结晶作用造成的，其可能曾经遭受过约220Ma的热事件扰动。双河榴辉岩锆石则可能遭受了流体参与下的变质重结晶作用的影响。锆石重结晶作用是变质岩中锆石年龄和化学组成变化的主要原因。     

Modeling the attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrum of apatite

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectra were measured on a synthetic and a natural fluorapatite sample. A modeling approach based on the computation of the Fresnel reflection coefficient between the ATR crystal and the powder sample was used to analyze the line shape of the spectra. The dielectric properties of the samples were related to those of pure fluorapatite using an effective medium approach, based on Maxwell–Garnett and Bruggeman models. The Bruggeman effective medium model leads to a very good agreement with the experimental data recorded on the synthetic fluorapatite sample. The poorer agreement observed on the natural sample suggests a more significant heterogeneity of the sample at a characteristic length scale larger than the mid-infrared characteristic wavelength, i.e., about 10 micrometers. The results demonstrate the prominent role of macroscopic electrostatic effects over fine details of the microscopic structure in determining the line shape of strong ATR bands.     

Latest Precambrian to Early Cambrian U–Pb zircon ages of augen gneisses from Calabria (Italy), with inference to the Alboran microplate in the evolution of the peri-Gondwana terranes

In situ U–Pb dating of zircons from five samples of Calabrian augen gneisses shows that their protoliths are Latest Precambrian to Early Cambrian in age (562 ± 15, 547 ± 7, 540 ± 4, 539 ± 16 and 526 ± 10 Ma), and contain Archaean (3.1 Ga), Palaeoproterozoic (1.7–2.4 Ga) and Neoproterozoic (0.6–0.9 Ga) inheritance. Geochemical signature of augen gneisses is typical of high-K calc-alkaline post-collisional magmatism. Their Sr–Nd isotopic compositions [0.7093 < (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i < 0.7139; −3.2 < ɛ_Nd(t) < −5.4; 1.5 < T _DM < 1.7 Ga] indicate the involvement of a crustal component in significant proportions. The Calabrian augen gneisses have, therefore, to be distinguished from the orthogneisses of Sardinia and northern Algeria, and from the porphyroids of Sicily, which are Middle Ordovician. By contrast, the Calabrian augen gneisses show a close similarity to the Pan-African post-collisional granitoids of the northern edge of the West African craton (e.g. the Moroccan Anti-Atlas). This suggests a peri-Gondwana origin and corroborates previous palaeogeodynamic reconstructions attributing the Alboran microplate to the northern margin of the West African craton.     

Seasonal Variations in Drag Coefficient over a Sastrugi-Covered Snowfield in Coastal East Antarctica

The surface of windy Antarctic snowfields is subject to drifting snow, which leads to the formation of sastrugi. In turn, sastrugi contribute to the drag exerted by the snow surface on the atmosphere and hence influence drifting snow. Although the surface drag over rough sastrugi fields has been estimated for individual locations in Antarctica, its variation over time and with respect to drifting snow has received little attention. Using year-round data from a meteorological mast, seasonal variations in the neutral drag coefficient at a height of 10 m \((C_{{ DN}10})\) in coastal Adelie Land are presented and discussed in light of the formation and behaviour of sastrugi based on observed aeolian erosion patterns. The measurements revealed high \(C_{{ DN}10} \) values \((\ge \) 2 \(\times \) 10\(^{-3})\) and limited drifting snow (35% of the time) in summer (December–February) versus lower \(C_{{ DN}10} \) values \((\approx \) 1.5 \(\times \) \(10^{-3})\) associated with more frequent drifting snow (70% of the time) in winter (March–November). Without the seasonal distinction, there was no clear dependence of \(C_{{ DN}10} \) on friction velocity or wind direction, but observations revealed a general increase in \(C_{{ DN}10} \) with rising air temperature. The main hypothesis defended here is that higher temperatures increase snow cohesion and the development of sastrugi just after snow deposition while inhibiting the sastrugi streamlining process by raising the erosion threshold. This increases the contribution of the sastrugi form drag to the total surface drag in summer when winds are lighter and more variable. The analysis also showed that, in the absence of erosion, single snowfall events can reduce \(C_{{ DN}10} \) to \(1\,\times \,10^{-3}\) due to the burying of pre-existing microrelief under newly deposited snow. The results suggest that polar atmospheric models should account for spatial and temporal variations in snow surface roughness through a dynamic representation of the sastrugi form drag.