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31.
An intrinsic volatility scale relevant to the Earth and Moon and the status of water in the Moon 下载免费PDF全文
Francis Albarède Emmanuelle Albalat Cin‐Ty A. Lee 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2015,50(4):568-577
The notion of a dry Moon has recently been challenged by the discovery of high water contents in lunar apatites and in melt inclusions within olivine crystals from two pyroclastic glasses. The highest and most compelling water contents were found in pyroclastic glasses that are not very common on the lunar surface. To obtain more representative constraints on the volatile content of the lunar interior, we measured the Zn content, a moderately volatile element, of mineral and rock fragments in lunar soils collected during Apollo missions. We here confirm that the Moon is significantly more depleted in Zn than the Earth. Combining Zn with existing K and Rb data on similar rocks allows us to anchor a new volatility scale based on the bond energy of nonsiderophile elements in their condensed phases. Extrapolating the volatility curve to H shows that the bulk of the lunar interior must be dry (≤1 ppm). This contrasts with the water content of the mantle sources of pyroclastic glasses, inferred to contain up to approximately 40 ppm water based on H2O/Ce ratios. These observations are best reconciled if the pyroclastic glasses derive from localized water‐rich heterogeneities in a dominantly dry lunar interior. We argue that, although late addition of 0.015% of a chondritic veneer to the Moon seems required to explain the abundance of platinum group elements (Day et al. 2007), the volatile content of the added material was clearly heterogeneous. 相似文献
32.
Orbital timing of the Indian,East Asian and African boreal monsoons and the concept of a ‘global monsoon’ 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Thibaut Caley Bruno Malaizé Marie Revel Emmanuelle Ducassou Karine Wainer Mohamed Ibrahim Dina Shoeaib Sébastien Migeon Vincent Marieu 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(25-26):3705-3715
Our understanding of monsoon circulation timing’s at the orbital scale is currently a matter of debate. Here, we compare previous and recently published results of Indian, East Asian, West African and East African monsoon variability. We note different timings between the East African, West African, Indian and East-Asian monsoon systems for the most recent 45 ka, where the age models are constrained by AMS dating. On this basis, we construct different orbital forcing “reference curves” and apply them to the 200 ka time period for the different monsoon systems. Our results indicate that the ‘global monsoon’ concept at the orbital scale is a misnomer. We find real regional differences in the timing of the monsoon response to orbital forcing and differences in the weight of precession and obliquity in the monsoon records. This work highlights the necessity of studies aimed at understanding the underlying physics of these regional response patterns. This is crucial to a better understanding of monsoon dynamics and improved climate model simulations and comparisons with proxy data. 相似文献
33.
Using Mg Isotopes to Trace Cyanobacterially Mediated Magnesium Carbonate Precipitation in Alkaline Lakes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Liudmila S. Shirokova Vasileios Mavromatis Irina A. Bundeleva Oleg S. Pokrovsky Pascale B��n��zeth Emmanuelle G��rard Christopher R. Pearce Eric H. Oelkers 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2013,19(1):1-24
This study assesses the potential use of Mg isotopes to trace Mg carbonate precipitation in natural waters. Salda Lake (SW Turkey) was chosen for this study because it is one of the few modern environments where hydrous Mg carbonates are the dominant precipitating minerals. Stromatolites, consisting mainly of hydromagnesite, are abundant in this lake. The Mg isotope composition of incoming streams, groundwaters, lake waters, stromatolites, and hydromagnesite-rich sediments were measured. Because Salda Lake is located in a closed basin, mass balance requires that the Mg isotopic offset between Lake Salda water and precipitated hydromagnesite be comparable to the corresponding offset between Salda Lake and its water inputs. This is consistent with observations; a ??26Mg offset of 0.8?C1.4??? is observed between Salda Lake water and it is the incoming streams and groundwaters, and precipitated hydromagnesite has a ??26Mg 0.9?C1.1??? more negative than its corresponding fluid phase. This isotopic offset also matches closely that measured in the laboratory during both biotic and abiotic hydrous Mg carbonate precipitation by cyanobacteria (Mavromatis, V., Pearce, C., Shirokova, L. S., Bundeleva, I. A., Pokrovsky, O. S., Benezeth, P. and Oelkers, E.H.: Magnesium isotope fractionation during inorganic and cyanobacteria-induced hydrous magnesium carbonate precipitation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2012a. 76, 161?C174). Batch reactor experiments performed in the presence of Salda Lake cyanobacteria and stromatolites resulted in the precipitation of dypingite (Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·5(H2O)) and hydromagnesite (Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O) with morphological features similar to those of natural samples. Concurrent abiotic control experiments did not exhibit carbonate precipitation demonstrating the critical role of cyanobacteria in the precipitation process. 相似文献
34.
Emmanuelle Lemaire Gwenaël Abril Rutger De Wit Henri Etcheber 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2002,334(4):251-258
In the Gironde Estuary, most part of phytoplanktonic material carried by the rivers is mineralised in the maximum turbidity zone (MTZ). In order to follow the degradation of the phytoplanktonic material into the MTZ, we developed an in vitro approach based on the monitoring of phytoplanktonic pigments. Algal material from two chlorophytes (Scenedesmus suspicatus Chaudat and Chlamydomonas sp.) was incubated in the dark during 28 days into water samples from the Gironde estuary MTZ, at variable suspended solid concentrations (SPM) as well as in a sterilised turbid sample. First order decay constants of chlorophylls a and b and lutein increased by a factor 3 to 5 between SPM of 0 and . The production of pheophytin a in the presence of particles and the lack of degradation in the sterilised turbid sample confirmed the effect of attached bacteria on the particles. To cite this article: E. Lemaire et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 251–258. 相似文献
35.
Luke Wooller Benjamin van Wyk de Vries Emmanuelle Cecchi Hazel Rymer 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2009,71(10):1111-1131
Long-term fault movement under volcanoes can control the edifice structure and can generate collapse events. To study faulting
effects, we explore a wide range of fault geometries and motions, from normal, through vertical to reverse and dip-slip to
strike-slip, using simple analogue models. We explore the effect of cumulative sub-volcanic fault motions and find that there
is a strong influence on the structural evolution and potential instability of volcanoes. The variety of fault types and geometries
are tested with realistically scaled displacements, demonstrating a general tendency to produce regions of instability parallel
to fault strike, whatever the fault motion. Where there is oblique-slip faulting, the instability is always on the downthrown
side and usually in the volcano flank sector facing the strike-slip sense of motion. Different positions of the fault beneath
the volcano change the location, type and magnitude of the instability produced. For example, the further the fault is from
the central axis, the larger the destabilised sector. Also, with greater fault offset from the central axis larger unstable
volumes are generated. Such failures are normal to fault strike. Using simple geometric dimensionless numbers, such as the
fault dip, degree of oblique motion (angle of obliquity), and the fault position, we graphically display the geometry of structures
produced. The models are applied to volcanoes with known underlying faults, and we demonstrate the importance of these faults
in determining volcanic structures and slope instability. Using the knowledge of fault patterns gained from these experiments,
geological mapping on volcanoes can locate fault influence and unstable zones, and hence monitoring of unstable flanks could
be carried out to determine the actual response to faulting in specific cases. 相似文献
36.
David Baumont Kévin Manchuel Paola Traversa Christophe Durouchoux Emmanuelle Nayman Gabriele Ameri 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2018,16(6):2285-2310
In the framework of the SIGMA project, a study was launched to develop a parametric earthquake catalog for the historical period, covering the metropolitan territory and calibrated in Mw. A set of candidate calibration events was selected corresponding to earthquakes felt over a part of the French metropolitan territory, which are fairly well documented both in terms of macroseismic intensity distributions (SisFrance BRGM-EDF-IRSN) and magnitude estimates. The detailed analysis of the macroseismic data led us to retain only 30 events out of 65 with Mw ranging from 3.6 to 5.8. In order to supplement the dataset with data from larger magnitude events, Italian earthquakes were also considered (11 events posterior to 1900 with Mw?≥?6.0 out of 15 in total), using both the DBMI11 macroseismic database (Locati et al. in Seismol Resour Lett 85(3):727–734, 2014) and the parametric information from the CPTI11 (Rovida et al. in CPTI11, la versione 2011 del Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica et Vulcanologia, Milano, Bologna, 2011. https://doi.org/10.6092/ingv.it-cpti11). To avoid introducing bias related to the differences in terms of intensity scales (MSK vs. MCS), only intensities smaller than or equal to VII were considered (Traversa et al. in On the use of cross-border macroseismic data to improve the estimation of past earthquakes seismological parameters, 2014). Mw and depth metadata were defined according to the Si-Hex catalogue (Cara et al. in Bull Soc Géol Fr 186:3–19, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2113/qssqfbull.186.1.3), published information, and to the specific worked conducted within SIGMA related to early instrumental recordings (Benjumea et al. in Study of instrumented earthquakes that occurred during the first part of the 20th century (1905–1962), 2015). For the depth estimates, we also performed a macroseismic analysis to evaluate the range of plausible estimates and check the consistency of the solutions. Uncertainties on the metadata related to the calibration earthquakes were evaluated using the range of available alternative estimates. The intensity attenuation models were developed using a one-step maximum likelihood scheme. Several mathematical formulations and sub-datasets were considered to evaluate the robustness of the results (similarly to Baumont and Scotti in Accounting for data and modeling uncertainties in empirical macroseismic predictive equations (EMPEs). Towards “European” EMPEs based on SISFRANCE, DBMI, ECOS macroseismic database, 2008). In particular, as the region of interest may be characterized by significant laterally varying attenuation properties (Bakun and Scotti in Geophys J Int 164:596–610, 2006; Gasperini in Bull Seismol Soc Am 91:826–841, 2001), we introduced regional attenuation terms to account for this variability. Two zonation schemes were tested, one at the national scale (France/Italy), another at the regional scale based on the studies of Mayor et al. (Bull Earthq Eng, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0124-8) for France and Gasperini (2001) for Italy. Between and within event residuals were analyzed in detail to identify the best models, that is, the ones associated with the best misfit and most limited residual trends with intensity and distance. This analysis led us to select four sets of models for which no significant trend in the between- and within-event residuals is detected. These models are considered to be valid over a wide range of Mw covering?~?3.5–7.0. 相似文献
37.
Delphine Vantelon Rachid Belkhou Isabelle Bihannic Laurent J. Michot Emmanuelle Montargès-Pelletier Jean-Louis Robert 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2009,36(10):593-602
X-PEEM images and XPS were collected on isolated layers of three synthetic swelling clays, one hectorite and two saponites
with various charge, recording the Si(2p), Al(2p) and Mg(2p) core level spectra from the clay sheets. Spectra were fitted
to determine the different components of the core levels. Due to their large full width at half maximum, Si XPS spectra were
fitted using two to three doublets. It appears that, for a given clay mineral, Si, Al and Mg binding energies (BE) were constant,
for all the observed layers. However, variations of the Si BE were observed depending on the nature of the mineral investigated.
The various components obtained from the fit of Si spectra could be assigned to different substitution rates; binding energy
shifting to lower values with substitution increase in the layer. Furthermore, variations in Si BE according to charge location
were assigned to the influence of exchangeable cation. 相似文献
38.
Thierry Mulder Yannick Callec Philippe Joseph Cécile Robin Tristan Salles Jonathan Allard Emmanuelle Ducassou Brice Ferger Vincent Hanquiez Elodie Marchès Sébastien Zaragosi 《Sedimentary Geology》2010,229(3):160-191
The Lauzanier area represents the northernmost extension of the Annot Sandstone series and contains deposits between 650 and 900 m-thick. This basin was active from upper Bartonian or lower Priabonian to early Rupelian. It is composed of two superposed units separated by a major unconformity. The sediment supply is due to channelled flows coming from the south. Flow processes include mass flow to turbidity currents. The size of the particles and the absence of fine-grained sediment suggest a transport over a short distance. The Lower Unit is made of coarse-grained tabular beds interpreted as non-channelled lobe deposits. The Upper Unit is made of massive conglomerates interpreted as the channelled part of lobes. These lobe deposits settle in a tectonically confined basin according to topographic compensation that occurs from bed scale to unit scale. The abrupt progradation between the lower and the upper unit seems related to a major tectonic uplift in the area. This uplift is also suggested by a change in the petrographic nature of the source and an abrupt coarsening of the transported clasts.This field example allows providing high resolution analysis for depositional sedimentary sequences of terminal lobe deposits in a coarse-grained turbidite system. The outcrop analysis shows the lateral evolution of deposits and the system progradation allows a longitudinal analysis of facies evolution by superposing on the same outcrops the channelled lobe system and the non-channelled lobe system. These results of high-resolution outcrop analysis can be extrapolated to results obtained on sedimentary lobes in recent deep-sea turbidite system that are either restricted to cores, or with a lesser resolution (seismic). 相似文献
39.
Romain Millot Emmanuelle Petelet-Giraud Catherine Guerrot Philippe Négrel 《Applied Geochemistry》2010
In the present work, the first results are reported for both Li and B isotope ratios in rainwater samples collected over a long time period (i.e. monthly rainfall events over 1 a) at a national scale (from coastal and inland locations). In addition, the stable isotopes of the water molecule (δD and δ18O) are also reported here for the same locations so that the Li and B isotope data can be discussed in the same context. The range of Li and B isotopic variations in these rainwaters were measured to enable the determination of the origin of these elements in rainwaters and the characterization of both the seasonal and spatio-temporal effects for δ7Li and δ11B signatures in rainwaters. Lithium and B concentrations are low in rainwater samples, ranging from 0.004 to 0.292 μmol/L and from 0.029 to 6.184 μmol/L, respectively. δ7Li and δ11B values in rainwaters also show a great range of variation between +3.2‰ and +95.6‰ and between −3.3‰ and +40.6‰ over a period of 1 a, respectively, clearly different from the signature of seawater. Seasonal effects (i.e. rainfall amount and month) are not the main factors controlling element concentrations and isotopic variations. δ7Li and δ11B values in rainwaters are clearly different from one site to another, indicating the variable contribution of sea salts in the rainwater depending on the sampling site (coastal vs. inland: also called the distance-from-the-coast-effect). This is well illustrated when wind direction data (origin of air masses) is included. It was found that seawater is not the main supplier of dissolved atmospheric Li and B, and non-sea-salt sources (i.e. crustal, anthropogenic, biogenic) should also be taken into account when Li and B isotopes are considered in hydrogeochemistry as an input to surface waters and groundwater bodies as recharge. In parallel, the isotopic variations of the water molecule, vector of the dissolved B and Li, are also investigated and reported as a contour map for δ18O values based on compiled data including more than 400 δ18O values from throughout France. This δ18O map could be used as a reference for future studies dealing with δ18O recharge signature in relation to the characterization of surface waters and/or groundwater bodies. 相似文献
40.
Nicolas Olivier Arnaud Brayard Emmanuelle Vennin Gilles Escarguel Emmanuel Fara Kevin G. Bylund James F. Jenks Gwnaël Caravaca Daniel A. Stephen 《Geological Journal》2016,51(4):600-626
This work focuses on well‐exposed Lower Triassic sedimentary rocks in the area of Torrey (south‐central Utah, USA). The studied Smithian 8 deposits record a large‐scale third‐order sea‐level cycle, which permits a detailed reconstruction of the evolution of depositional settings. During the middle Smithian, peritidal microbial limestones associated with a rather low‐diversity benthic fauna were deposited seaward of the tidal flat siliciclastic red beds. Associated with siliceous sponges, microbial limestones formed small m‐scale patch reefs. During the late middle to late Smithian interval, the sedimentary system is characterized by tidal flat dolostones of an interior platform, ooid‐bioclastic deposits of a tide‐dominated shoal complex, and mid‐shelf bioclastic limestones. Microbial deposits, corresponding to sparse stromatolites formed in the interior platform, are contemporaneous with a well‐diversified marine fauna living in a seaward shoal complex and mid‐shelf area. The nature and distribution of these Smithian microbial deposits are not related to any particular deleterious environmental condition, highlighting that observed patterns of biotic recovery after the end‐Permian mass extinction were directly influenced by depositional settings. Facies evolution and stratal stacking patterns allow us to identify large, medium and small‐scale, as well as elementary depositional sequences. Large‐ and medium‐scale sequences are consistent with sea‐level changes, whereas small‐scale and elementary sequences are better explained by autocyclic processes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献