Sediments as sources of DDT and PCB

Despite major decreases in DDT and PCB emissions over a three year period by the dominant discharger to a coastal marine site, only minor (and very similar) decreases were observed in concentrations of these pollutants in bottom sediments and flatfish from the outfall monitoring zone. These results illustrate how persistant such chlorinated hydrocarbons can be in the marine environment once the bottom sediments have been contaminated.     

An offshore biomonitoring system for chlorinated hydrocarbons

Uncontaminated intertidal mussels transferred to a tautline buoy system near a major submarine outfall off southern California proved to be useful bio-indicators of water column contamination. Mussel survival exceeded 90%, and specimens maintained for 13 weeks near the polluted bottom (35 m) and the sea surface accumulated DDT above control concentrations by factors of 200 and 20, respectively. Corresponding factors for PCB were 60 and 6.     

Medical radionuclides

The natural microflora resident in the hindgut of the soft-shell clam Mya arenaria appear to have no role in the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in oil-polluted estuarine sediments.     

Aerosol deposition velocities on the Pacific and Atlantic oceans calculated from7Be measurements

The concentrations of⁷Be have been measured in Pacific and Atlantic ocean water for the past several years to determine the deposition velocity of aerosol particles on the ocean surface.⁷Be is produced at a relatively constant rate in the atmosphere by spallation reactions of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen. Immediately after its formation⁷Be becomes attached to aerosol particles, and therefore can serve as tracers of the subsequent behavior of these particles. Isopleths of⁷Be surface water concentrations,⁷Be inventory in the ocean, and deposition velocity have been prepared for the Pacific Ocean from 30°S to 60°N and for the Atlantic Ocean from 10°N to 55°N. The concentrations, inventories and deposition velocities tended to be higher in regions where precipitation was high, and generally increased with latitude. The average flux of⁷Be across the ocean surface was calculated to be 0.027 atoms cm^?2 s^?1 which is probably not significantly greater than the worldwide average⁷Be flux across land and ocean surfaces of 0.022 atoms cm^?2 s^?1 calculated by Lal and Peters. The average deposition velocity was calculated to be 0.80 cm s^?1. This value may be 10–50% too low, since it was calculated using atmospheric⁷Be concentrations which were measured at continental stations. Measurements of atmospheric⁷Be concentrations at ocean stations suggest that the concentrations at the continental stations averaged 10–50% higher than the concentrations over the ocean.     

黄土热处理酸解烃研究

酸解烃是石油及天然气地球化学勘查中极为重要的指标，黄土样品经过热处理后酸解烃含量显著增加，通过油气区和非油气区黄土热处理酸解烃对比研究得出热处理酸解烃对油气地球化学勘查无意义，经过黄土的矿物成分，地球化学实验和酸解烃甲烷碳同位素分析得出热处理增加的烃类来自于碳酸盐矿物中有机物的热解，正常状态条件下酸解烃分析对地球化学勘查有意义。     

Response of oil shale to fragmentation by cylindrical charges

Summary This paper describes an experimental program that was conducted in 1981 through 1983 in the Anvil Points Oil Shale Mine near Rifle, Colorado. The objective was to examine the response of the kerogen rich oil shale to explosive charges in relatively large scale tests. Due to an alleged shortage of oil at that time the price per barrel of crude oil had reached nearly $40 and the United States was looking at oil shale as a possible source of hydrocarbon fuels.It was the intention of the fragmentation program to develop a modified in situ retort to recover the oil from the fragmented shale. Programs were already underway wherein the oil shale was being mined, transported to the surface, and retorted to remove the oil. This surface retorting resulted in a tremendous amount of spent shale (shale with the kerogen removed) which had to be handled and it was felt that this would lead to serious environmental problems. The scheme being investigated in the program at Anvil Points was one in which about 25% of the shale is mined, moved to the surface, and retorted. The remaining 75% of the shale was to be fragmented in place and an underground retort formed so that the oil could be removed without the necessity of transporting the shale to the surface.A successful method was not developed but the results of the program did provide information on the response of shale to both single hole and multiple hole explosive charges.     

Observations of mesoscale cellular convection from the marine stratocumulus phase of “fire”

A common mode of convection within the atmospheric boundary layer, mesoscale cellular convection (MCC), assumes the form of an organized array of three-dimensional polygonal cells. This study employs aircraft data, collected off the coast of California during the marine stratocumulus phase of the First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) Regional Experiment (FIRE), to investigate the closed cell variety of MCC. Forty-five transects of closed marine mesoscale convective cells are utilized in this study. Data from these transects are used to calculate first-order and scale-dependent second-order kinematic, thermodynamic, and radiation statistics. From these statistics, a conceptual model of closed MCC is constructed detailing the horizontal and vertical structure of the cells in coupled as well as decoupled boundary-layer environments.Mesoscale convective cells not only have a profound influence on the radiation budget of their environment, but also play a key role in governing the exchange of heat, moisture, and momentum between the atmosphere and the surface. During FIRE, the MCC-scale structures were found to be buoyantly-driven above cloud base and driven by perturbation pressure forces below. Microscale eddies generally worked in tandem with these MCC-scale structures to transport heat and moisture vertically throughout the cells. Microscale eddies were responsible for most of this transport within the surface layer, while MCC-scale structures performed most of the transport at mid-levels within the cells.     

A new ferrosilite and Fe-pigeonite occurrence in the Reading Prong, New Jersey, USA

Ferrosilite and Fe-rich pigeonite have been discovered as discrete grains and as lamellae intergrown with hedenbergite in a fayalite-bearing hedenbergite-quartz-syenite in the Reading Prong province near Berkshire Valley, New Jersey. Pyroxene thermometry suggests that these extremely Fe-rich pyroxenes probably began crystallizing above 910°C. Blocking temperatures indicated by the compositions of lamellae in exsolved pyroxenes were around 550 to 600°C. Load pressure during crystallization may have been around 6 to 6.5 kbar. Oxygen fugacity varied from 10⁻¹² to 10⁻¹⁷ bars and was no lower than one log unit below QFM. These data suggest that the part of the northwestern Reading Prong that contains the quartz-syenite may have been approximately 22 km deep 1000 m.y. ago.