Some modifications of Stokes' formula that account for truncation and potential coefficient errors

 Stokes' formula from 1849 is still the basis for the gravimetric determination of the geoid. The modification of the formula, originating with Molodensky, aims at reducing the truncation error outside a spherical cap of integration. This goal is still prevalent among various modifications. In contrast to these approaches, some least-squares types of modification that aim at reducing the truncation error, as well as the error stemming from the potential coefficients, are demonstrated. The least-squares estimators are provided in the two cases that (1) Stokes' kernel is a priori modified (e.g. according to Molodensky's approach) and (2) Stokes' kernel is optimally modified to minimize the global mean square error. Meissl-type modifications are also studied. In addition, the use of a higher than second-degree reference field versus the original (Pizzetti-type) reference field is discussed, and it is concluded that the former choice of reference field implies increased computer labour to achieve the same result as with the original reference field. Received: 14 December 1998 / Accepted: 4 October 1999     

Accumulation of gas hydrates at the bottom of the sea during sequential deposits of sediments with different transport properties

Doklady Earth Sciences -     

Isotope composition of neodymium in neo-Archean banded iron formations of Karelia and Kola Peninsula

Studies of three deposits of neo-Archean banded iron formations from the West Karelian domain (the Kostomuksha deposit) and from the Central Kola block (the Olenegorsk and Kirovogorsk deposits) showed a pronounced difference in the isotope compositions of Nd from quartz and magnetite–hematite interlayers. The less radiogenic Nd of iron-containing layers compared to that of the quartz component may be considered as an indication of the formation mechanism of the treated banded iron formations. Thus, silicon-containing layers are related to submarine volcanism and iron was supplied to the sedimentation zone from other sources.     

Formation conditions of the chemistry of Tersinskie carbonic-acid mineral water

Data on the ion-salt, microcomponent, gas, microbiological, and isotopic composition of water and the results of studies of the equilibriums in the water-rock system are used to analyze the formation processes of the composition of Tersinskie carbonic-acid mineral water and their genesis.     

Internal Waves of Mode 2 in the Black Sea

Doklady Earth Sciences - The results of the first observations of mode 2 internal waves in the Black Sea are presented. The measurements were carried out on the Crimean shelf from the MGI platform...     

Comparison Analysis of Recognition Algorithms of Forest-Cover Objects on Hyperspectral Air-Borne and Space-Borne Images

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The basic model for the recognition of natural and anthropogenic objects using their spectral and textural features is described in the problem of...     

Theoretical Developments in Electromagnetic Induction Geophysics with Selected Applications in the Near Surface

Near-surface applied electromagnetic geophysics is experiencing an explosive period of growth with many innovative techniques and applications presently emergent and others certain to be forthcoming. An attempt is made here to bring together and describe some of the most notable advances. This is a difficult task since papers describing electromagnetic induction methods are widely dispersed throughout the scientific literature. The traditional topics discussed herein include modeling, inversion, heterogeneity, anisotropy, target recognition, logging, and airborne electromagnetics (EM). Several new or emerging techniques are introduced including landmine detection, biogeophysics, interferometry, shallow-water electromagnetics, radiomagnetotellurics, and airborne unexploded ordnance (UXO) discrimination. Representative case histories that illustrate the range of exciting new geoscience that has been enabled by the developing techniques are presented from important application areas such as hydrogeology, contamination, UXO and landmines, soils and agriculture, archeology, and hazards and climate.