全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5439篇 |
免费 | 1064篇 |
国内免费 | 1259篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 412篇 |
大气科学 | 1129篇 |
地球物理 | 1521篇 |
地质学 | 2703篇 |
海洋学 | 611篇 |
天文学 | 155篇 |
综合类 | 601篇 |
自然地理 | 630篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 17篇 |
2023年 | 78篇 |
2022年 | 240篇 |
2021年 | 266篇 |
2020年 | 206篇 |
2019年 | 269篇 |
2018年 | 313篇 |
2017年 | 279篇 |
2016年 | 319篇 |
2015年 | 261篇 |
2014年 | 279篇 |
2013年 | 319篇 |
2012年 | 264篇 |
2011年 | 262篇 |
2010年 | 287篇 |
2009年 | 281篇 |
2008年 | 254篇 |
2007年 | 261篇 |
2006年 | 198篇 |
2005年 | 205篇 |
2004年 | 182篇 |
2003年 | 182篇 |
2002年 | 251篇 |
2001年 | 272篇 |
2000年 | 241篇 |
1999年 | 261篇 |
1998年 | 222篇 |
1997年 | 196篇 |
1996年 | 167篇 |
1995年 | 156篇 |
1994年 | 148篇 |
1993年 | 123篇 |
1992年 | 108篇 |
1991年 | 79篇 |
1990年 | 64篇 |
1989年 | 54篇 |
1988年 | 45篇 |
1987年 | 32篇 |
1986年 | 18篇 |
1985年 | 22篇 |
1984年 | 15篇 |
1983年 | 17篇 |
1982年 | 9篇 |
1981年 | 10篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1958年 | 8篇 |
1954年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有7762条查询结果,搜索用时 140 毫秒
311.
风沙流中跃移沙粒冲击速度和角度联合概率分布风洞实验 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
近地表跃移沙粒速度和角度概率分布是连接风沙运动宏观研究和微观研究的桥梁,对沙粒跃移轨迹和输沙率分布有很大影响。但是,目前跃移沙粒冲击速度概率分布和角度概率分布之间的关系还不明确。使用相位多普勒粒子分析仪(PDPA)测量了风洞沙床面1 mm高度处的跃移沙粒速度,通过分析各冲击速度对应的冲击角度的概率分布研究了沙粒冲击速度和角度的联合概率分布。结果表明:沙粒冲击速度概率分布可用对数正态函数描述,冲击角度概率分布可用指数函数描述;各冲击速度对应的冲击角度都符合指数函数分布,且其衰减速度随冲击速度增加而加快。这表明,冲击速度概率分布和冲击角度概率分布之间具有很强的相关性。最后分别给出了沙粒冲击速度和角度的独立假设概率分布和条件联合概率分布。 相似文献
312.
313.
314.
Marine colloidal material (1 kDa–0.2 μm) was isolated by cross-flow ultrafiltration followed by diafiltration and freeze-drying from surface waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB), as well as from estuarine waters of Galveston Bay. Elemental characterization of isolated colloidal material included organic carbon (OC) and selected trace metal (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Cr, Be, Fe, Al, Mn, V, Ba, and Ti) determinations. It was found that levels of these metals in marine colloids ranged from <0.1 to 50 μg/g colloidal matter, except for Fe which generally had a concentration >120 μg/g. Most metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Al, Mn, V, and Ti) had an average concentration >1 μg/g while concentrations of Cd, Co and Be were usually <1 μg/g. Metal concentrations (μg/g) in isolated colloids were, in general, higher in Galveston Bay than in the Gulf of Mexico, suggesting either high abundance of trace metals in estuarine waters or differences in organic matter composition. Higher colloidal metal concentrations in the MAB than in the Gulf of Mexico might be due to higher terrestrial inputs in the MAB. Colloidal metal concentrations (μg/g) were generally lower than those in average soils, continental crust and suspended particles. However, metal/aluminum ratios (Me/Al) in isolated marine colloids were significantly higher than those for average soils and continental crust. Most importantly, colloids had a metal composition and metal/OC ratio (Me/C) similar to humic substances and marine plankton, suggesting that marine colloids largely originate from planktonic sources and are composed of predominately organic components. The Me/C ratios of Galveston Bay colloids followed the sequence of Cu>Ni, Cr, Zn>Mn>Co>Pb, Cd, which is similar to the Irving–Williams order except for Mn, suggesting that the interaction of metals with marine colloids is determined by the affinity of metals for specific organic ligands. 相似文献
315.
D. J. Fan R. D. Neuser X. G. Sun Z. S. Yang Z. G. Guo S. K. Zhai 《Geo-Marine Letters》2008,28(1):7-14
Estuaries are elementary geochemical fronts where river water and seawater mix. Within this mixing zone, iron and other non-conservative
elements can undergo complex reactions to form new solid phases. In order to understand authigenic iron oxide formation in
the Yangtze River Estuary, two onsite water-mixing sets of experiments were conducted, one by mixing variable amounts of unfiltered
Yangtze River water with filtered East China Sea water of different salinity (set 1), the other by mixing variable amounts
of filtered Yangtze River water with filtered East China Sea water of different salinity (set 2). In set 2, the minerals newly
formed in the course of mixing were investigated by means of a scanning electron microscope fitted with an energy-dispersive
X-ray analytical system. It was found that ferrihydrite and lepidocrocite were formed in these mixing experiments, coexisting
in nearly equal amounts. These iron oxides appear as aggregated particles with a large grain-size range of several microns
to more than 100 μm. The electrolytic properties of seawater played an important role in the formation of these authigenic
iron oxides. Kaolinite and organic aggregates were also found in the experimentally mixed pre-filtered waters. Amounts of
newly formed suspended matter (set 2) were one to three orders of magnitude lower than those of total suspended matter (TSM)
(set 1). This implies that newly formed minerals represent only a very small proportion of TSM in the estuarine mixing zone
of the Yangtze River. 相似文献
316.
本研究以崇明东滩2015年4月实测潮间带水沙数据为基础,分析了潮沟、盐沼及光滩的水沙特征,重点研究了潮沟系统及邻近潮滩潮周期内悬沙通量情况。结果表明:(1)潮沟表层沉积物比潮滩细,二者平均中值粒径分别为21.7 μm和33.0 μm,悬沙粒径由海向陆逐渐变小;(2)大、小潮沟潮周期内潮流均以往复流为主,垂向平均流速分别为15.4 cm/s和34.6 cm/s;盐沼界和光滩则以旋转流为主,平均流速分别为11.3 cm/s和28.9 cm/s;(3)潮沟中的高悬沙浓度出现在涨潮初期,最大可达7.5 kg/m3,而潮滩高悬沙浓度则出现在潮落潮中期和高水位时刻;大、小潮沟和盐沼界站涨潮阶段平均悬沙浓度大于落潮阶段,光滩站则相反。潮沟悬沙主要来自邻近水域,而潮滩悬沙则与滩面表层沉积物密切相关;(4)潮沟在潮周期内净输沙方向均指向滩地,大潮沟潮周期单宽净输沙量可达4.0 t/m;盐沼界处垂直岸线和沿岸输沙强度相近,净输沙由海向陆,潮周期离岸输沙强度为1.0 t/m;光滩沿岸输沙强度远大于垂直岸线输沙,光滩净输沙由陆向海。研究揭示了潮间带潮沟系统的强供沙能力以及研究区域光滩冲蚀,盐沼植被带淤积的动力地貌过程。 相似文献
317.
Based on a coupled ocean-sea ice model, this study investigates how changes in the mean state of the atmosphere in different CO_2 emission scenarios(RCP 8.5, 6.0, 4.5 and 2.6) may affect the sea ice in the Bohai Sea, China,especially in the Liaodong Bay, the largest bay in the Bohai Sea. In the RCP 8.5 scenario, an abrupt change of the atmospheric state happens around 2070. Due to the abrupt change, wintertime sea ice of the Liaodong Bay can be divided into 3 periods: a mild decreasing period(2021–2060), in which the sea ice severity weakens at a nearconstant rate; a rapid decreasing period(2061–2080), in which the sea ice severity drops dramatically; and a stabilized period(2081–2100). During 2021–2060, the dates of first ice are approximately unchanged, suggesting that the onset of sea ice is probably determined by a cold-air event and is not sensitive to the mean state of the atmosphere. The mean and maximum sea ice thickness in the Liaodong Bay is relatively stable before 2060, and then drops rapidly in the following decade. Different from the RCP 8.5 scenario, atmospheric state changes smoothly in the RCP 6.0, 4.5 and 2.6 scenarios. In the RCP 6.0 scenario, the sea ice severity in the Bohai Sea weakens with time to the end of the twenty-first century. In the RCP 4.5 scenario, the sea ice severity weakens with time until reaching a stable state around the 2070 s. In the RCP 2.6 scenario, the sea ice severity weakens until the2040 s, stabilizes from then, and starts intensifying after the 2080 s. The sea ice condition in the other bays of the Bohai Sea is also discussed under the four CO_2 emissions scenarios. Among atmospheric factors, air temperature is the leading one for the decline of the sea ice extent. Specific humidity also plays an important role in the four scenarios. The surface downward shortwave/longwave radiation and meridional wind only matter in certain scenarios, while effects from the zonal wind and precipitation are negligible. 相似文献
318.
Spilled oil floats and travels across the water’s surface under the influence of wind, currents, and wave action. Wave-induced Stokes drift is an important physical process that can affect surface water particles but that is currently absent from oil spill analyses. In this study, two methods are applied to determine the velocity of Stokes drift, the first calculates velocity from the wind-related formula based upon a one-dimensional frequency spectrum, while the second determines velocity directly from the wave model that was based on a two-dimensional spectrum. The experimental results of numerous models indicated that: (1) oil simulations that include the influence of Stokes drift are more accurate than that those do not; (2) for medium and long-term simulations longer than two days or more, Stokes drift is a significant factor that should not be ignored, and its magnitude can reach about 2% of the wind speed; (3) the velocity of Stokes drift is related to the wind but is not linear. Therefore, Stokes drift cannot simply be replaced or substituted by simply increasing the wind drift factor, which can cause errors in oil spill projections; (4) the Stokes drift velocity obtained from the two-dimensional wave spectrum makes the oil spill simulation more accurate. 相似文献
319.
Theoretically, propagating internal tides in the ocean may reflect at turning depths, where buoyancy frequencies equal tidal frequencies, before colliding with the air-sea interface or rugged bottom topography. Globally, the internal tide lower turning depths(ITLTDs) in the open ocean have been mapped; however, knowledge of the presence of ITLTDs in the South China Sea(SCS) is lacking. In this study, 2 125 high-quality temperature-salinity profiles(including 58 deep-sea hydrographic measurements... 相似文献
320.
本文基于水槽溢油观测实验,研究溢油乳化过程中表面散射特性的变化。利用全极化C波段微波散射计和矢量网络分析仪等测量设备对易发生乳化反应沥青含量小于3%的原油(A型油)、油田中开采出的新鲜原油(B型油)和经过脱水去杂质处理的工业原油(C型油)进行观测。文中详细分析了在C波段微波下乳化油膜与平静水面的后向散射差异,以及油膜乳化过程对后向散射的影响,结果显示在低风速、无浪的条件下(最大波高低于3mm),原油的乳化反应可通过表面粗糙度和自身介电常数的变化来调制雷达后向散射,并且这两种方式中表面粗糙度的影响占主导地位。对比B型和C型原油在乳化状态和未乳化状态下的表面后向散射,结果显示在各状态下B型油膜表面后向散射均大于C型油,且在VV、HH、HV/VH极化方式下两者后向散射平均差异分别为2.19 dB、2.63 dB、2.21 dB,在20%油膜含水率的乳化状态下差异较未乳化状态时小,平均差异分别为0.98 dB、1.49 dB、1.5 dB,结果表明不同类型油种间由于成分和油膜属性的不同会在一定程度上导致油膜表面粗糙度存在差异,影响油膜表面后向散射。 相似文献