SWAN模型中不同风拖曳力系数对风浪模拟的影响

本文以荷兰哈灵水道海域为实验区域,通过敏感性实验,研究了在14 m/s、31.5 m/s和50 m/s（分别代表一般大风、强热带风暴和强台风的极端条件）定常风速下SWAN模型中不同风拖曳力系数对风浪模拟的影响程度。结果表明,对于近岸浅水区域（水深小于20 m）,风拖曳力系数计算方案的选择对有效波高影响较小,而且当风速增加到一定程度后,波浪破碎成为影响波高值的主要因素;对于深水区域（水深大于30 m）,一般大风条件下风拖曳力系数计算方案的选择对有效波高影响仍然较小,随着风速的继续增大,风拖曳力系数计算方案的选择对有效波高的影响逐渐显著。对于平均周期,风拖曳力系数计算方案的选择和风速的改变对其影响均较小,而由水深变浅导致的波浪破碎对其影响较为显著。根据敏感性实验结果,本文对SWAN模型中风拖曳力系数计算方案的选择做出如下建议:计算近岸浅水区域风浪场或深水区域一般大风条件风浪场时,其风拖曳力系数可以直接采用模型默认选项;而对于深水区域更大风速条件,可首先采用模型默认选项试算,然后结合当地海域实测波浪资料进行修正。     

Crustal structure of the Southwest Subbasin,South China Sea,from wide-angle seismic tomography and seismic reflection imaging

The Southwest Subbasin (SWSB) is an abyssal subbasin in the South China Sea (SCS), with many debates on its neotectonic process and crustal structure. Using two-dimensional seismic tomography in the SWSB, we derived a detailed P-wave velocity model of the basin area and the northern margin. The entire profile is approximately 311-km-long and consists of twelve oceanic bottom seismometers (OBSs). The average thickness of the crust beneath the basin is 5.3 km, and the Moho interface is relatively flat (10–12 km). No high velocity bodies are observed, and only two thin high-velocity structures (~7.3 km/s) in the layer 3 are identified beneath the northern continent-ocean transition (COT) and the extinct spreading center. By analyzing the P-wave velocity model, we believe that the crust of the basin is a typical oceanic crust. Combined with the high resolution multi-channel seismic profile (MCS), we conclude that the profile shows asymmetric structural characteristics in the basin area. The continental margin also shows asymmetric crust between the north and south sides, which may be related to the large scale detachment fault that has developed in the southern margin. The magma supply decreased as the expansion of the SWSB from the east to the west.     

海水酸化对米氏凯伦藻和盐生杜氏藻种群增长和种间竞争的影响

大气中CO_2浓度升高导致的海水酸化改变了海洋生物赖以生存的化学环境,将对其生长、繁殖和代谢产生深远影响。本研究采用实验生态学的方法,以米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)和盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)为研究对象,探究在海水酸化条件下两种微藻种群增长和种间竞争关系的变化。结果发现:(1)在单培养体系中,随着二氧化碳浓度升高,米氏凯伦藻的环境负载能力(K)升高,而对其生长率进入拐点的时间(T_p)、内禀增长率(r)、进入指数增长期(T_(Ep))和静止期的时间(T_(Sp))均无显著性影响;对盐生杜氏藻而言,二氧化碳浓度升高显著降低了盐生杜氏藻的T_p和r值,而对其K、T_(Ep)、T_(Sp)均无显著性影响;(2)在共培养体系中,两种微藻的K值均受到显著抑制,与单培养体系相比差异显著(P0.05);二氧化碳升高改变了两种微藻的竞争关系,微藻之间的竞争表现为向有利于米氏凯伦藻的方向发展。(3)米氏凯伦藻去藻过滤液对盐生杜氏藻产生抑制作用,二氧化碳浓度升高加剧了这种抑制作用。     

丽江-小金河断裂全新世滑动速率研究

丽江-小金河断裂与锦屏山断裂共同控制着青藏高原东南边界,研究该断裂的滑动速率有助于理解青藏高原东南缘区域变形模式。本文通过高分辨率遥感影像解译与野外地质调查,发现该断裂错断了一系列河流阶地与洪积扇,且以左旋走滑为主兼具倾滑分量。通过无人机断错地貌测量与碳同位素断代,获得红星-尖山营断裂段全新世左旋走滑速率为（3.32±0.22）mm/a,垂直滑动速率为（0.35±0.02）mm/a;汝南-南溪断裂段北支全新世左旋走滑速率为（2.37±0.20）mm/a。     

不同尺度裂缝对弹性波速度和各向异性影响的实验研究

裂缝广泛分布于地球介质中并且具有多尺度的特点,裂缝尺度对于油气勘探和开发有着重要的意义.本文制作了一组含不同长度裂缝的人工岩样,其中三块含裂缝岩样中的裂缝直径分别为2 mm、3 mm和4 mm,裂缝的厚度都约为0.06 mm,裂缝密度大致相同（分别为4.8%、4.86%和4.86%）.在岩样含水的条件下测试不同方向上的纵横波速度,实验结果表明,虽然三块裂缝岩样中的裂缝密度大致相同,但是含不同直径裂缝岩样的纵横波速度存在差异.在各个方向上,含数量众多的小尺度裂缝的岩样中纵横波速度都明显低于含少量的大尺度裂缝的岩样中纵横波速度.尤其是对纵波速度和SV波速度,在不同尺度裂缝岩样中的差异更明显.在含数量多的小尺度裂缝的岩样中纵波各向异性和横波各向异性最高,而含少量的大尺度的裂缝的岩样中的纵波各向异性和横波各向异性较低.实验测量结果与Hudson理论模型预测结果进行了对比分析,结果发现Hudson理论考虑到了裂缝尺度对纵波速度和纵波各向异性的影响,但是忽略了其对横波速度和横波各向异性的影响.

     

基于ACCRBF网络的多层砖房震害预测

针对传统震害预测方法逐栋抽样计算建筑物抗震性能的不足,本文提出了一种基于蚁群聚类径向基(ACCRBF)网络模型的建筑物震害预测方法。依据不同地震动峰值加速度下多层砖房的实际震害资料,对模型进行训练,在模型的输入和输出之间建立映射关系,并利用这种映射关系对未知样本进行分类,实现对多层砖房的震害分析和预测。模型的输入为反映结构的震害影响因子,输出为给定的地震动峰值加速度下结构震害等级。研究表明,基于ACCRBF网络模型的多层砖房震害预测结果与震害实例基本吻合,具有推广应用价值。     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换的地震瞬时属性提取方法及应用(英文)

希尔伯特—黄变换(Hilbert-Huang transform,HHT)是一种新的适合非平稳和非线性信号的分析方法,由于地震信号一般呈现出非平稳与非线性特性,因此HHT非常适合地震信号的分析。本文首先介绍了HHT中关于经验模态分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition,EMD)的实现过程,在此基础上分析了几种基于EMD获得本征模态函数(Intrinsic Mode Functions,IMF)来计算瞬时频率的算法,其中利用了两个采样间隔瞬时频率的平均来计算瞬时频率,较好地反映了地震信号频率成分随时间变化的特征。将该方法应用于四川东北部某地区海相碳酸盐岩地层三维地震叠后偏移数据处理,提取"三瞬"地震属性,与传统的希尔伯特变换提取的"三瞬"地震属性进行对比,结果表明基于HHT的"三瞬"地震属性结果具有更高的分辨率,IMF2的瞬时相位能够较好地刻画台地边缘生物礁相,IMF2的瞬时频率亦具有较好的分带性。将IMF2的"三瞬"地震属性与钻井等资料结合分析,能够更好地识别沉积相的分布。     

面向防震减灾的人口数据空间化研究——以2007年宁洱地震灾区为例

入口是地震灾害的重要受灾体,准确的入口空问分布信息是防震减灾工作的重要依据.本文借助地理信息系统,将人口统计数据与高分辨率遥感数据相结合,应用基于居民地的人口数据空间化方法,模拟人口空间分布.首先根据城市人口—面积异速生长模型的分形几何意义,推导出城乡人口一面积统一模型;进而以2007年宁洱地震灾区为例,在建立居民地分类体系和遥感解译标志的基础上,目视解译获得准确的居民地信息;最后应用城乡人口—面积统一模型获得网格人口密度矢量数据.经检验,本文的结果达到了较高的精度.同时在人口数据空间化完成的基础上,以地震受灾人口估算为例,探讨了人口数据空间化在防震减灾中的应用.研究结果表明,基于网格人口矢量数据的受灾人口估算结果更能客观反映地震灾情,可以为防震减灾和应急救援工作提供可靠的依据.     

Numerical study of the barotropic responses to a rapidly moving typhoon in the East China Sea

Barotropic responses of the East China Sea to typhoon KOMPASU are investigated using a high-resolution, three-dimensional, primitive equation, and finite volume coastal ocean model. Even the fact that the typhoon KOMPASU only brushed across the brink of China mainland without landing, it still imposed great influence across China's east coastal area, where storm surges ranging from 35 to 70 cm were intrigued during this event and a large wake of water setdown due to the outward radial transport driven by the cyclonic wind stress was generated after the KOMPASU traveled across the Yellow Sea. Analysis of the numerical results reveals that the barotropic waves propagating along the coast after the typhoon's landing can be identified as Kelvin wave and the currents associated with the storm are geostrophic currents. A series of model runs are initiated to diagnose the effects of wind stress, atmospheric pressure, and storm track variation on the surge's spatial distribution in the East China Sea. The barotropic waves affected by the atmospheric disturbance due to the typhoon in deep Pacific Ocean travel far more rapidly, arriving at the coastal regions at least 60 h ahead of the typhoon. The wave amplitudes are merely 0.2–0.4 cm and damp gradually due to friction. The model experiments also confirm that the surge levels in nearshore regions are highly dominated by winds, whereas the water level variations in deeper areas are controlled by the atmospheric pressure forcing during typhoon events in the East China Sea.     

Neogene volcanism and Holocene earthquakes in the Tanlu fault zone, eastern China

In this paper, we study the relationship between Neogene volcanism and Holocene earthquakes in the Tanlu fault, eastern China. We find that fault segments through which Neogene and Quaternary magma have extruded do not show Holocene slip because they are covered by unfaulted basalts. In contrast, fault branches that are away from the Quaternary volcanic centers display Quaternary faulting and are responsible for earthquakes as recorded both historically and geomorphologically. Therefore, magma intrusion appears to modify fault activity in two different ways: (1) within the faults, the cooling magma serves as a cohesion or barrier, welding the faults so that they become stronger in resisting slip; (2) beneath the faults, the upwelling magma promotes slip of faults above the magma body, and hence generation of earthquakes. Physically, the first case results from contraction of the cooling magma, which causes a relative increase in fault-normal stress so that the fault failure resistance is enhanced. The second case results from the upward dynamic force and the heat brought in by the magma body, both of which cause the effective fault-normal stress to decrease so that the fault failure resistance is reduced. That could explain why earthquakes occur on faults bypassing the volcanic centers as typified in the Yishu fault zone and in the regions where heat flows are relatively high as shown in the Bohai Bay area.