地图扫描影像中文字,符号注记的自动提取

地图扫描影像中的文字、符号注记与图形目标的分离是实现地图符号注记诱导自动识别的重要前提和基础，文中提出一种基于影像行的连接影像目标整体及交互的提取算法。借助该算法不仅可以有效地实现地图扫描影像中文字、符号注记与图形线划目标的分离，而且可以实现其它一些二值铁处理及分析。     

计算几何算法在GIS图形分析中的应用

图形空间分析是地理信息系统的重要功能之一。根据地理信息系统应用领域的不同。所需的图形空间分析功能也不尽相同，但是，各种图形空间分析功能所涉及到的基本图形关系的判断确基本相同。文中介绍并改进了一些计算几何方法在ＧＩＳ常用图形分析中的应用。目的在于抛砖引玉，让更多的人开展这方面的研究。     

“96.8”河北南部罕见特大暴雨的预测检验和成因分析

１９９６年８月３—４日，９６０８号台风在河北南部连降大暴雨和特大暴雨，造成了极其严重的经济损失和人员伤亡。事前，８月１日１６时在国家气象中心召开的大会商会上，本人预报：已经登陆福建的９６０８号台风将向北移动；８月３—４日，我国东部将连续两天处在三个引力波共振和一个引潮力共振减压的叠加区，到时台风只要在１１０°Ｅ以东，当天最大日降水水文站将达５００ｍｍ以上，气象发报站也可达２００—３００ｍｍ。实况正确。分析表明，８月１—４日，该台风登陆后，其北侧每天均维持一个倒槽，同时东亚有一西风槽东移。８月３—４日，在连续引潮力共振减压的抽气作用下，使该倒槽和西风槽加速合并和冷暖空气的辐合，引起位势不稳定能量强烈释放而降特大暴雨。此次成功预报再次证明，引潮力共振减压的异常叠加与大气内部条件相结合，确是预测特大暴雨的一个有效途径。     

江面雾的形成及其预报

用１９８９－１９９２年江心固定囤船平台上观测到的第一手资料分析表明，江面才总日数少于陆地，但一次过程持续时间比陆地长。江面雾发生时常伴有风，最大风速达１０ｍ／ｓ，风玫瑰图表明，占优势的风向是ＳＥ、Ｅ和Ｓ，江雾常处于成片雾片区，这些差异，与江、陆之间温度日变化和风切变有关。另外，本文对江面雾的预报也作了探讨。     

干旱区城镇发展的理论探讨：以新疆为例

本文在实际调查的基础上，通过专家意见咨询与定量方法的结合，探讨了干旱区城镇发展的一般规律：ａ．经济发展水平仍是干旱区城镇发展的渊源；ｂ．水资源是干旱区域镇发展的限制性因子，但并不能解释干旱区城镇发展一般的规律性；ｃ．应重视科技水平对城市发展的重要作用。     

四川兴文石林区的喀斯特与洞穴

四川文兴的洞河、龙塘一带，是我国南方重要的峰丛喀斯特区之一。著名的兴文石林风景区即位于其中，世界级规模的大漏斗，大量的流入型洞穴，完整的喀斯特流域，优越的喀斯特发育条件，漫长的喀斯特演化历史，古今不同阶段喀斯特发育的叠置、继承和新生构成了“文兴式”喀斯特的基本特色。本文着重讨论了该区喀斯特与洞穴的形成条件、基本特征，并从一物质与能量的输入-输出系统出发，提出和较详细地讨论了洞穴系统的基本类型组成及其发育的“含水层控制系统演化模式”。     

Distribution and formation of high-fluorine groundwater in China

In China, high-fluorine groundwater, which contains more than 1.0 mg/l fluorine, is mainly distributed in shallow aquifers of unconsolidated deposits in some arid and semiarid areas, deep aquifers of unconsolidated deposits in semiarid areas, as well as in hot springs of bed rock mountainous area and aquifers of fluorite-mine area. Its formation is controlled by regional climate factors, seepage conditions of groundwater, as well as the hydrogeochemical environment. The physicochemical properties of soil mass of the aeration zone play an important role in fluorine concentration in shallow groundwater. In the coastal plain areas, where groundwater is mainly recharged and discharged vertically, and its regime type belongs to the type of infiltration—evaporation, the grain size of soil mass of aeration zone directly influences the amount of fluorine transferred from solid medium into water; and the chemical constituents of the soil mass of aeration zone controls the chemical characteristics of the shallow groundwater, consequently influencing the concentration condition of fluorine in water. Fluorine ion in groundwater continuously migrates and concentrates under the comprehensive influence of many factors. High-fluorine groundwater exceeding the sanitary standard (1.0 mg/l) has an obvious zonality in regional distribution in China. Based on current statistics, there are roughly 50 million people (Zheng Qifu 1986) who have consumed water which exceeds standards in China. In highfluorine groundwater areas, endemic fluorine-poisoning often arises to different extents, affecting human health seriously. At the end of 1983, over 20 million patients were suffering from fluorine-poisoning diseases in China (Xu Guozhang, unpublished data). Therefore, research of the distribution feature and formation mechanism of fluorine ion in groundwater has become an important task.     

Geothermal observations in east Liaoning and haicheng seismic area

We have obtained altogether heat flux data of 23 drill holes including 2 observational holes of thermal flow in the Haicheng seismic area. These data show roughly thermal structure of the crust in eastern Liaoning and in the Haicheng seismic area. The results indicate that there is higher value of heat flow in the belt north by east from Liaoyang to Xiongyue, the average thermal flux being 8.29× 10⁻²J/m²·s (2.0 hfu). The average thermal fulx in the Haicheng seismic area is 9.22×10²J/m²·s (2.2 hfu). Comparing with other known geophysical data of the Haicheng seismic area, we give a geophysical section of comprehensive interpretation. We suppose the low-velocity layer in the lower crust of the Haicheng seismic area is a result from intrusion of large-scale uper mantle substance. High temperature and low velocity mean that the layer has the nature of plastic mechanics. The focal region of the Haicheng earthquake is situated right in the upper part of that plastic layer. Obviously, this result is significant for studying the seismogenic process of the Haicheng earthquake and other intra-plate earthquakes. We attempt to emphasize that observation of heat flow is necessary for earthquake study. Gu Haoding did the actual writing.     

Types and Metallogenic Models of Nickel Sulfide Deposits of China

Most of the sulfide nickel deposits in China occur on the margins of platforms and their outer mobilebelts. The ore-bearing basic-ultrabasic rock bodies were formed in the Proterozoic and Variscan. The types ofmetallogenic rock bodies include ultrahasic-basic complexes related to volcanism in eugeosynclines andultrabasic rock bodies, ultrabasic-basic complexes and basic rock bodies related to deep fractures. On the basisof ore-forming processes and modes, nickel sulfide deposits of China may be divided into two major types:in-situ magmatic liquid unmixing deposits and deep-seated magmatic liquid unmixing injection deposits. Thelatter may by subdivided into four types: single injection deposits, multiple injection deposits, and pulsatory in-jection depositis, and late injection deposits which may inject into either comagmatic rocks or other kinds ofcountry rocks. Two metallogenic models for nickel sulfide deposits are proposed in this paper.